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LSAT - Logical Reasoning > Logical Reasoning > Flashcards

Logical Reasoning Flashcards

1
Q

How do you form a contrapositive statement?

A

Take the original relationship, flip it and then negate both terms

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2
Q

What does the negative of X mean?

A

Not X

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3
Q

What are the Group 1 sufficient indicators?

A
  1. If
  2. All
  3. When
  4. Whenever
  5. Every
  6. Anyone
  7. Where
  8. Any/the only
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4
Q

What are the Group 2 necessary indicators?

A
  1. Only/only ____
  2. Always
  3. Requires
  4. Must
  5. Necessitates
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5
Q

What are the Group 3 indicators and how do you handle them?

A

Pick one of the components, negate it and make it the sufficient condition

  1. Unless
  2. Until
  3. Without
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6
Q

What are the Group 4 indicators and how do you handle them?

A

Same as Group 3, but make it the necessary condition

  1. No
  2. None
  3. Never
  4. Cannot
  5. Not both
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7
Q

How do you weaken an argument?

A

Concede the premises and show that the conclusion does not follow (DON’T ATTACK PREMISES)

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8
Q

Do you accept the premises/conclusion or the answers with MSS questions?

A

The premises/conclusion

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9
Q

Do you accept the premises/conclusion or the answers with Weakening questions?

A

The answers

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10
Q

How do you handle strengthening questions?

A

Find gap between premise/conclusion and try to bolster it

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11
Q

How do you handle MBT questions?

A
  1. Ask if the conclusion must be true
  2. Ask if you could say “not necessarily” (don’t fall for could be true)
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12
Q

What should you do if the author’s scope/claims are broad and general?

A

Avoid answers that are specific or absolute

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13
Q

Watch out for exaggerations (like going from “some” in the stimulus to “most” in the answer choices)

A

Ok

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14
Q

What will correct answers usually offer in MBT questions?

A
  1. Restate the stimulus (watch out for exaggerations/slight manipulations)

or

  1. Result from combining two elements from the stimulus
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15
Q

What’s the biggest logical trap you need to avoid?

A

Sufficient/Necessary swap

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16
Q

What is true about correct answers for MBT?

A

They can always be proven by the stimulus

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17
Q

What are some common question stems for MBT?

A

…which of the following must also be true? …which of the following can be properly inferred? …most strongly support which of the following?

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18
Q

What types of answers should you avoid in MBT?

A
  1. Could be true
  2. Exaggerated
  3. New information
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19
Q

What types of incorrect answers appear for MP?

A
  1. Answers that are true, but don’t encapsulate the point
  2. Answers that repeat premises
20
Q

What does the word “some” mean?

A

At least one, possibly all

21
Q

What does the word “most” mean?

A

A majority, possibly all

22
Q

Do contrapositives exist for “most” or “some” statements?

A

No

23
Q

Which logical indicators DO NOT have reversible relationships?

A

All or most

24
Q

Which logical indicators do have reversible relationships?

A

None, some, if-but-only-if

25
Q

What is the square-rectangle of most, all, and some?

A

All → Most → Some

26
Q

What is the negative square-rectangle?

A

None → Most are not → Some are not

27
Q

What is a sufficient condition?

A

An event or circumstance whose occurrence indicates that a necessary condition must also occur.

28
Q

What is a necessary condition?

A

A necessary condition can be defined as an event or circumstance whose occurrence is required in order for a sufficient condition to occur.

29
Q

What is the relationship between sufficient and necessary conditions?

A

If a sufficient condition occurs, you know that a necessary condition also occurs

30
Q

What logical issue should you watch out for?

A

Mistaken reversal (of the sufficient and necessary conditions)

31
Q

What phrases often introduce a sufficient condition?

A
  1. If
  2. When
  3. Whenever
  4. Every
  5. Any
  6. All
  7. People who
  8. In order to
32
Q

What phrases often introduce a necessary condition?

A
  1. Then
  2. Only
  3. Only if
  4. Must
  5. Required
  6. Unless
  7. Except
  8. Until
  9. Without
33
Q

How should you handle Weaken questions?

A
  1. Focus on the conclusion
  2. Suspect information in the stimulus
  3. New information is fine in Weaken questions
34
Q

What phrases often introduce Weaken questions?

A
  1. Weaken
  2. Attack
  3. Undermine
  4. Refute
  5. Argue against
  6. Call into question
  7. Cast doubt
  8. Challenge
  9. Damage
  10. Counter
35
Q

What should you be looking for in Weakening questions?

A
  1. Incomplete information
  2. Improper comparisons
  3. Qualified conclusions
36
Q

If a stimulus is particularly difficult, beware answer choice A

A

Ok

37
Q

How do you attack a causal conclusion?

A
  1. Find an alternate cause for the effect
  2. Show that when the cause happens, the effect does not follow
  3. Show that the effect can occur w/o the cause being present
  4. Show reverse causality
  5. Show the statistics used are questionable
38
Q

For Strengthen, Justify the Conclusion, and Assumption questions: what part of the stimulus should you focus on?

A

The conclusion

39
Q

What will the correct answer choice for a Strengthen question do?

A

Strengthen the argument by 1-100%

40
Q

What will the correct answer for a Justify the Conclusion question do?

A

Prove it 100%

41
Q

What will the correct answer for an Assumption question do?

A

Show what must be true for the argument to be true

42
Q

What must correct answers for assumption questions do?

A

Make a statement that the author relies upon/is fully committed to

43
Q

What is the logical opposite of “all”?

A

Not all

44
Q

What is the logical opposite of “some”?

A

None

45
Q

What are three quirks of Assumption questions?

A
  1. Choices that start w/ “at least one” or “at least some” have an unusually high chance of being correct
  2. Avoid answers that claim a point was the most important consideration
  3. Watch out for “not” or other negatives in the answer choice
  4. Avoid answers that describe a cause of the cause or effect of the effect

LSAT - Logical Reasoning (1 decks)

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