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LSAT > Logical Reasoning > Flashcards

Logical Reasoning Flashcards

1
Q

Family 1

A

Use stimulus to prove answer choice. No outside info. Accept info, even if error in reasoning.

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2
Q

Must be True/Most Strongly Supported

A

Family 1

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3
Q

Main Point

A

Family 1

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4
Q

Point at Issue/Agreement

A

Family 1

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5
Q

Method of Reasoning

A

Family 1

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6
Q

Flaw in the Reasoning

A

Family 1

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7
Q

Parallel Reasoning/Flaw

A

Family 1

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8
Q

Family 2

A

Stimulus under suspicion. Which one best meets questioned posed in stem. Can have outside info.

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9
Q

Assumption

A

Family 2

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10
Q

Justify the Conclusion

A

Family 2

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11
Q

Strengthen/Support

A

Family 2

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12
Q

Resolve the Paradox

A

Family 2

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13
Q

Family 3

A

Attack author’s argument. Information in stimulus suspect. Which answer best attacks the argument in the stimulus?

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14
Q

Weaken

A

Family 3

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15
Q

Fourth Family

A

Accept Stimulus info. Use it to prove one of answer choices cannot occur. If an answer choice has outside info or not in stimulus then it could be true and is incorrect.

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16
Q

Must be True-1st Family correct answer:

A

Can always be proven by referring to the facts stated in the stimulus.

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17
Q

“If the statements above are true…”

A

1st family

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18
Q

“The statements above, if true…”

A

1st family

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19
Q

“If the information above is correct…”

A

1st Family

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20
Q

Which of the following must also be true

A

Must be True

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21
Q

Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn on the basis of it?

A

Must be True

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22
Q

Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the statements?

A

Must be True

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23
Q

Most Strongly Supported-A

A

Do not have to pass a strict test, but often do, and should ytu to prove each answer choice as strongly as possible.

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24
Q

Main Point-A

A

Correct answer choice will be a rephrasing of the main conclusion of the argument. Must follow rom stimulus.
Wrong- 1) answers that are true but not the main point. 2) answers that repeat the premises of the argument

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25
Q

“Which of the following most accurate;y expresses the main conclusion of the argument?”

A

Main Point

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26
Q

Which of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion of the journalist’s argument?

A

Main Point

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27
Q

The main point of the argument is that

A

Main Point

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28
Q

Contapositive

A

Reverse & Negate

Denies the necessary condition, thus making it impossible for the sufficient condition

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29
Q

If

A

Sufficient

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30
Q

When

A

Sufficient

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31
Q

Whenever

A

Sufficient

32
Q

Every

A

Sufficient

33
Q

All

A

Sufficient

34
Q

Any

A

Sufficient

35
Q

Each

A

Sufficient

36
Q

In order to

A

Sufficient

37
Q

People who

A

Sufficient

38
Q

Then

A

Necessary

39
Q

Only

A

Necessary

40
Q

Only if

A

Necessary

41
Q

Must

A

Necessary

42
Q

Required

A

Necessary

43
Q

Unless

A

Necessary

44
Q

Except

A

Necessary

45
Q

Until

A

Necessary

46
Q

Without

A

Necessary

47
Q

Unless

A

Term modified by unless (except, until, without) becomes necessary condition. Remaining term is negated and becomes the sufficient condition.

48
Q

Double Arrow

A

Indicates the two terms must always occur together. Both sufficient and necessary.

49
Q

“If and only if”

A

Biconditional. Double arrow.

50
Q

All but only

A

Biconditional. Double arrow.

51
Q

Double Not Arrow

A

The two variables at the ends, cannot occue at the same time.

52
Q

Weaken- A

A

Undermines the argument as decisively as possible. Focus on the conclusion.
Info in stimulus is suspect. Often reasoning errors are present.
Answer choices accepted as given, even if they include “new” info.

53
Q

Calls into question, casts doubt, undermines

A

Weaken

54
Q

How to weaken

A

Hurts the argument but does not ultimately destroy.
“Would the answer choice force the author to reconsider their position, or force them to respond?”
Conclusion may fail to account for some element/possibility.

55
Q

Causality

A

A single cause MAKES an effect happen.

If found in conclusion be ready to either weaken or strengthen.

56
Q

Weaken possible/probable conclusions

A

1) Show relationship is reversed
2) Show statistical problem exists with data used to make causal statement
3) Possible third cause that could’ve caused both elements.

57
Q

Supports, helps, MOST justifies

A

Strengthen

58
Q

Strengthen incorrect

A

1) Opposite answers
2) Shell Game
3) Out of scope- support issues either unrelated to the argument or tangential to argument

59
Q

Advertisement-

A

Stimulus that follows has deceptive or faulty logic.

60
Q

Strengthen except

A

Four incorrect answers strengthen the argument and the correct answer either has no effect, or weakens the argument.

61
Q

Causality in Strengthen

A

1) Eliminate any alternate causes
2) Show when cause occurs, effect occurs
3) show when cause does not occur, effect doesn’t either
4) Eliminate possibility that stated relationship is reversed
5) Data is accurate or get rid of problems w/ data

62
Q

Justify the Conclusion Formula

A

Premises + Answer Choice = Conclusion.

63
Q

Justify- A

A

Correct answer proves conclusion by adding piece of info to the premises, thus making the reasoning structure valid. MUST PROVE CONCLUSION 100%. Can have superflous infor but must prove conclusion.

64
Q

The conclusion above logically follows if which of the following is assumed?

A

Justify the Conclusion

65
Q

Which of the following, if assumed, would allow conlcusion to be properly drawn?

A

Justify the Conclusion

66
Q

Which of the following, if true, enables the conclusion to be properly drawn?

A

Justify the Conclusion

67
Q

Which of the following, if assumed, enables the argument’s conclusion to be properly inferred?

A

Justify the Conclusion

68
Q

Which of the following is an assumption that would serve to justify the conclusion?

A

Justify the conclusion

69
Q

The conclusion would be properly drawn if it were true that

A

Justify the Conclusion

70
Q

The conclusion above is properly drawn if which of the following is assumed

A

Justify the Conclusion

71
Q

Solving Justify Questions: Mechanistic Approach

A

1) Any “new” element in the conclusion will appear in the correct answer.
2) Elements that are common to the conclusion and at least one premise not normally in the correct answer-bridge already established
3) Elements in premise but not in conclusion.
Short: Link new elements in premises and conclusion, and ignore elements common to both.

72
Q

What is an assumption?

A

Unstated premise of the argument. Author takes for granted and leaves unsaid. NECESSARY for conclusion

73
Q

Assumption-A

A

Answer must contain a statement that the author relies upon and is fully committed to in the argument. CANNOT contain extraneous information.

74
Q

Presupposition/assumption. NEVER uses if or any other sufficient condition indicators

A

Assumption

75
Q

Defender assumption

A

Protect the argument. Show possible source of attack has been eliminated.

76
Q

Assumption Negation Technique

A

Logically negate the answer choices, the negated choice that weakens the argument is the correct choice.

77
Q

Assumption-At least one or at least some

A

Usually correct if starting like this. Double check it though

LSAT (2 decks)

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