Logical fallacies Flashcards
False analogy
analogy between arguments that is blown out of proportion
Hasty generalisation
1 example is used
Post hoc
False cause
Equivocation
Uses one word with two meanings
Special pleading
an exception should be made for someone
Ad ignorantium
A conclusion is true because there isn’t proof against
Ad populum
many ppl think so, therefore its right
Complex question
Implies doing sth bad in the past, “have you stopped beating your friend?”
Ad hominem
attack the opponent
Argument of the beard
No useful distinction between two extremes
Circular reasoning
If A then B, If B then A
appeal to authority
Refers to a respected source
appeal to pity
guiltripping
Ad baculum
Appeal to force
Red herring
arguer raises a side topic as a distraction
False dichotomy
arguer presents two options but eliminates one
Straw man
presents the argument the opponent might make and knocks it down
Moral equivalence
A and B are just as bad, usually inadequate comparisons
Non-sequitur
Illogical, the conclusion isn’t drawn from what was said earlier
Begging the question
Based on what the arguer thinks is true, =circular reasoning
