Logical Fallacies Flashcards
occurs when an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options despite the presence of multiple possibilities
False Dilemma
occurs when something is instantly concluded to be true just because it is not proven to be false, and vice versa
Appeal to ignorance
occurs when a series of increasingly superficial and unacceptable consequences is drawn
Slippery Slope
occurs when two or more points are rolled into one and
the reader is expected to either accept or reject both at
the same time
Complex Question
occurs when a threat, instead of reasoning is used to
argue
Appeal to force
Occurs when the element of pity is used instead of
logical reasoning
Appeal to pity
occurs when an argument considered to be valid because it is what the majority thinks
Bandwagon
occurs when someone tries to refute an argument by attacking
the character of a person instead of attacking the ideas in the argument
Attacking the Person
occurs when the argument quotes an expert who is not
qualified in the particular subject matter
Appeal to Authority
the authority in question is
not mentioned or named
Anonymous Authority
occurs when a sample is not significant or enough to support a generalization
Hasty Generalization
occurs when it is assumed that
two concepts that are similar in some ways are also
similar in other ways
False Analogy
occurs when general rule is applied to a situation, even when it should be an exception
Accident
occurs when the arguer claims that since event A happened
before event B, therefore A is the cause of B
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
occurs when the direction
between cause and effect is reversed
Wrong Direction
occurs
when an argument which is supposed to prove
something concludes something else instead
Irrelevant Conclusion
any argument of the
form; If A is true the B is true; if B is true therefore A is
true.
Affirming the Consequent
any argument of the
form; If A is true then B is true; if A is not true then B is
not true
Denying the Antecedent
occurs when argument contradict one another
Inconsistency
answering criticism with criticism, or turning the argument back
around on the other person
Appeal to Hypocrisy
are errors in
reasoning that
invalidate an
argument.
Logical Fallacy
Mother: You should stop smoking. It’s harmful to your
health.
Daughter: Why should I listen to you? You started
smoking when you were 16!
Appeal to Hypocrisy
Frank is older than Jake, Jake is older than Noli, and
Noli is older than Frank.
Inconsistency
There is no evil in this world. Though evil exists
in some parts of the world, we will overcome it
sooner or later.
Inconsistency
if you are drinking wine, you have a problem.
Therefore, if you are not drinking wine, you do not
have a problem
Denying the Antecedent
You are drinking wine, you have a problem. Therefore if you have a problem, you are drinking wine
Affirming the Consequent
If there’s no gas in the car then the car won’t run. The
won’t run. Therefore, there’s no gas in the car
Affirming the consequent
We must support the fight for gender equality between
men and women. Women have suffered enough violence at home. Violence against women must be stop.
Irrelevant Conclusion
You are always eating salty food, you will become a
diabetic person.
Irrelevant Conclusion
The Philippine’s rising amount of debt causes the growth of economy to slow down.
Wrong Direction
Flood will result to massive cutting of trees
Wrong Direction
Dina saw a black cat when they went home. Along the
way, they crashed into a tree. The black cat must be
the reason why they met an accident
Post Hoc
Jaywalking is not allowed, so you should not have
done that even when you were being chased by
terrorist.
Accident
Ambulance must also follow the traffic lights signal
Accident
P1: Monkey eats banana.
P2: Humans eat banana.
Conclusion: Therefore, Humans are monkey.
False Analogy
Drugs are like massage because they make me feel good. Thus they must be good for you as well.
False Analogy
Jared, the foreigner from France, is very impolite.
French people are mean and rude
Hasty Generalization
According to experts, eating an apple a day keeps the
doctor away.
Anonymous Authority
A commercial claims that a specific brand of cereals is the best way to start the day because Michael Jordan says that it is what he eats every day.
Appeal to Authority
i cannot accept your argument because, unlike me, you
were not educated at Harvard University
Attacking the person
Most of my classmates are using iPhone. My parents
should buy one for me also
Bandwagon
Sir, please let me pass on your subject. Have mercy
on me, my grandfather just passed away.
Appeal to pity
Give up your foolish pride, kneel down and accept
our religion today if you don’t want to burn in hell
forever and ever
Appeal to Force
Is your stupidity inborn?
Complex Question
if we ban computer shops, then students will not be able to do
research. And if they do not have tool for research, these
students will fail their subjects.
Slippery Slope
We have no evidence that the illuminati ever existed, so
they must not be true
Appeal to ignorance
There are only two kinds of people in the Philippines,
people who love Duterte and people who hate the
government
False Dilemma
