Logical fallacies

Question 1

premise

Answer 1

the assumptions that logical deductions are based on

Question 2

rationalism

Answer 2

school of philosophy which holds that reason is the most important source of knowledge

Question 3

falacies

Answer 3

invalid patterns of reasoning

Question 4

syllogism

Answer 4

a deductive argument with 2 premises, a conclusion, 3 terms that are repeated twice, and quantifiers

[quantifier] things in group A are in group B
[quantifirer] things in group C are part of group A
Therefore [quantifier] things in group C are part of group B

Question 5

quantifiers

Answer 5

words which tell us the quantity that is being referred to in a syllogism (eg. all, some, no)

Question 6

truth

Answer 6

a property of statements concerned with what is or is not the case

Question 7

validity

Answer 7

a property of arguments concerned with whether conclusions follow from premises

Question 8

belief bias

Answer 8

the tendency to believe that an argument is valid simply because we agree with the conclusion

Question 9

enthememe

Answer 9

an incomplete argument where one premise is assumed to be obvious

Question 10

induction

Answer 10

reasoning that goes from specific to general truths

Question 11

deduction

Answer 11

reasoning that goes from the general to the particular

Question 12

inductive inference

Answer 12

generalizing from the observed to the unobserved

a generalization from “all observed A are B” to “all A are B”

Question 13

hasty generalisations

Answer 13

generalizing form insufficient evidence

Question 14

confirmation bias

Answer 14

people tend to remember only evidence that supports their beliefs

Question 15

post hoc ergo propter hoc

Answer 15

assuming that because B follows A, then A must be the cause of B

(not valid)

Question 16

causation vs correlation

Answer 16

causation is the direct cause of an event, and correlation is connection between two events

Question 17

ad hominem fallacy

Answer 17

attacking or supporting the person making an argument rather than the argument itself

Question 18

vested interest

Answer 18

a personal stake or involvement in an undertaking or state of affairs

Question 19

circular reasoning

Answer 19

assuming the truth of something that you are supposed to be proving

aka. vicious circle, begging the question

Question 20

special pleading

Answer 20

making an exception in your own case that you would not find acceptable if it came from someone else

Question 21

equivocation

Answer 21

when a word is used in two different senses in an argument

Question 22

argument ad ignorantiam

Answer 22

claiming that something is true on the grounds that there is no evidence to disprove it

Question 23

false analogy

Answer 23

assuming that because two things are similar in some respects they must also be similar in some further respect

Question 24

false dilemma

Answer 24

assuming that only two alternatives exist when there is actually a wider range of options

Question 25

binary thinking

Answer 25

the tendency to divide things into two types and see the world in black and white terms

Question 26

loaded questions

Answer 26

a question that contains a built-in assumption that has not been justified and may be false

Question 27

loaded statemetns

Answer 27

statements that contain build-in assumptions

Question 28

what are the “10 deadly fallacies”?

Answer 28

ad ignorantiam
hasty generalizatrion
post hoc ergo propter hoc
ad hominem
circular reasoning
special pleading
equivocation
false analogy
false dilemma
loaded question