Logical Fallacies

Question 1

Argument Ad Hominem

Answer 1

This argument is based on name-calling or attacking a person either directly or indirectly. The attempt here is to avoid discussing the issue.

Question 2

Bandwagon/Celebrity Appeal

Answer 2

This argument implies that the reader should agree with a premise because a celebrity or a majority agrees with it.

Question 3

Begging the Question

Answer 3

When a conclusion is presented as a part of a premise, the writer is begging the question.
EX: We must act immediately to stop violence on our campus. Presumes there is violence on campus.

Question 4

Circular Reasoning

Answer 4

The use of a statement to support itself is circular reasoning. The writer employs this type of reasoning by restating the original problem.
EX: The witness’ testimony was truthful because he said he was telling the truth.

Question 5

Either/Or Reasoning or Oversimplification

Answer 5

This logical fallacy occurs when the writer assumes that there can be only one cause or one solution to a problem.
EX: The only way to stop smokers is to outlaw cigarettes.

Question 6

False Analogy

Answer 6

Comparing two objects or ideas that have too few similarities to establish a basis for a good comparison leads to a false analogy.
EX: Ted will be an outstanding coach because he was a good player.

Question 7

Non Sequitur

Answer 7

When the writer reaches a conclusion that does not follow or is not warranted by the evidence offered, he has committed a non sequitur.
EX: Since crosswalks are designed for the safety of walkers, I don’t need o watch for oncoming traffic before using the crosswalk.

Question 8

Post Hoc; Ergo Propter Hoc

Answer 8

The writer draws a conclusion based only on the assumption that the time sequence is sufficient proof for a particular deduction.
EX: Janis drives the sporty, twocharged Mach SKM and has a lot of dates. So, if you drive the Mach SKM, then you will be irresistible to the opposite sex.
Means after this, therefore, because of it.

Question 9

Slippery Slope/Unfounded Generalization

Answer 9

The writer assumes that because one minor fact is true, then, despite any further proof, a larger premise must also be true. When a conclusion is made on the basis of too little information, it is said to be unfounded.
EX: School board member Heller voted for teacher pay raises at the last meeting; therefore she will always vote for teacher pay raises.

Question 10

Types of reasoning

Answer 10

1. Reasoning from Signs or Symbols: good indicators that support your inference or conclusion.
2. Cause-effect reasoning: To make this assumption, there needs to be concrete evidence to support it.