Logical

Question 1

Justification

Answer 1

Aim to convince people of your oponion

Question 2

Explanation

Answer 2

Aim to show why something happens

Question 3

Argument

Answer 3

connected series of sentences, statements or propositions, that are intended to give reasons of some kind.

Question 4

Logic

Answer 4

The study of distinguishing successful and unsuccessful argument

Question 5

Premise markers

Answer 5

Since, because, for, as, given that

Question 6

Conclusion markers

Answer 6

Therefore, then, thus, hence

Question 7

Discounting

Answer 7

Nuspeti kritika ir ja atmest

anticipating criticism and dismissing it.

Question 8

Guarding

Answer 8

Weakening the strength of your premises to guard it from attack

Question 9

Sound

Answer 9

valid argument, which has true premises and true conclusion

Question 10

Suppressed premise

Answer 10

Obvious facts (smoking is bad for your health)

Question 11

Validity

Answer 11

If it is not possible that all premises are true but conclusion false
Conclusion must be true if all premises true

Question 12

Deductive

Answer 12

Facts, neimanoma kad premises true o conclusion false (premises true, conclusion true)
Validity and soundness

Question 13

Inductive

Answer 13

PROBABLY TRUE, retai buna true premises - false conclusion

Question 14

Fallacy

Answer 14

argument that is logically incorrect.

Question 15

. &. ~. X. C

Answer 15

C if
X or
~ not
. Therefore
& and

Question 16

Slippery slope

Answer 16

Comparing categories with vague definitions (Kategorijų palyginimas su neaiškiais apibrėžimais)

o If you go out with that kind of guy, you will get pregnant and end up dropping out of college.
o Either you stay in school or you won’t get a good job.

Question 17

Equivocation

Answer 17

using a word with 2 different meanings.

o Man is the only rational animal, and no woman is a man, so women are not rational.
o Commonly used: freedom, democracy, equality.

Question 18

Ad hominem

Answer 18

Uzpuolamas zmogus, o ne argumentas
o Bob has a criminal, so he is the one who stabbed the lady.
o Must look at the relevant information such as criminal records etc.

Joey says …
Joey is stupid
So x is false.

Question 19

Guilt by assocation

Ad hominem

Answer 19

Ginčas užpuola asmenį dėl to, kad yra panašumo tarp argumentuojančio asmens ir kitų argumento šalininkų požiūrių.

Joe states that x is true.
Mary also believes that x is true and she is dumb. Therefore, Joe is dumb and wrong.

Question 20

Ad hominem

Tu Quo Que

Answer 20

Attacking the opponent’s own personal behavior as being inconsistent with the argument’s conclusion(s). (hypocryte)

Your mom tells you not to smoke because it is bad for you, while smoking a cigarette

Question 21

Appeal to authority

Answer 21

Zmones kurie apsimeta expertais
o Doctors recommends using this medicine.
o Need to be more specific with the authorities, can’t always trust them 100% with their authority.

Question 22

Genetic

Answer 22

fallacy made based solely on someone’s or something’s history, origin, or source rather than its current meaning or context.

pagrįstas tik kažkieno ar kažko istorija, kilme ar šaltiniu, o ne dabartine prasme ar kontekstu.

Everything, that Nazis believed in, must be not true.

Question 23

Straw men

Answer 23

misrepresenting an argument so it’s easier to attack. (neteisingai pateikiant argumentą, kad būtų lengviau pulti)

o People who don’t support abortion are pro – death penalty.
o Twisting someone’s words in order to get a new, absurd argument, which is easier to attack.

Question 24

Circular argument

Answer 24

Relying on previous argument

o Using logic is important, because using logic is important.

Question 25

Begging the question

Answer 25

Leaving a key premise out of the argument while creating the illusion that nothing more is needed to establish the conclusion.

Murder is morally wrong. This being the case, it follows that abortion is morally wrong.”

Question 26

Appeal to emotion

Answer 26

You should let me pass this exam because I have cancer and I’m going to be in a coffin in 6 months.”

Question 27

Refutation

Answer 27

Showing that another person’s argument is incorrect

Question 28

Ways to attack:

Answer 28

1.Attack the premises
We want to show that they are false
o ‘’What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger’’ – something might break you mentally.’

2.Showing that the argument leads to absurd results
o ‘’Genetics has nothing to do with intelligence’’ – then someone with Down syndrome can be trained to be of the same intelligence as Einstein.

3.Parallel reasoning
o For a woman to get pregnant she has to have sex, this woman had sex, so she is pregnant.

Question 29

Biased samples

Answer 29

randomly picked, but put in the right segregation.

Question 30

Cogency

Answer 30

quality of being clear, logical and convincing.

Question 31

Red herrings

Answer 31

intention to mislead of distract from the argument.

Question 32

De-fluffing the argument

Answer 32

getting rid of the information which has no value to the argument

Question 33

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 33

when you feel that something is not right.

Question 34

Assuring

Answer 34

The arguer may try to assure the listener that the premise is true.
• Uses of experts
• Assuring language
• Abusing the audience

useful if there’s questionable truth value of a premise (4 out of 5 dentists recommend this gum).

Question 35

Guarding

Answer 35

weakening the argument to prevent the attack (it’s likely, I believe, it might be).