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logic exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is logic?

A

the study of arguments

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2
Q

what is an argument?

A

a set of statements where some of the premises are intended to support the conclusion

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3
Q

what is a statement?

A

a declarative sentence that is either true or false

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4
Q

what is a premise?

A

a statement or proposition that are used to provide evidence or support for a conclusion

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5
Q

what is a conclusion?

A

the statement or proposition that follows logically from the premises in an argument

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6
Q

what is a deductive argument?

A

an argument in which the premises are intended to guarantee the conclusion

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7
Q

what is an inductive argument?

A

an argument in which the premises are intended to make the conclusion probable, without guaranteeing it

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8
Q

what is a valid argument?

A

an argument in which it is necessary that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion has to be true

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9
Q

what is an invalid argument?

A

an argument in which it NOT is necessary that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true (ie, if the premises are true, and the conclusion is false)

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10
Q

what is a sound argument?

A

a valid argument in which all of the premises are true

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11
Q

what is an unsound argument?

A

one that is either invalid, or has at least one false premise

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12
Q

what is an argument form?

A

a pattern of reasoning

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13
Q

what is a substitution instance?

A

an argument that results from uniformly replacing the variables in that form with statements (or terms)

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14
Q

what is a valid argument form?

A

one in which every substitution instance is a valid argument

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15
Q

what is a formally valid argument?

A

an argument that is valid in virtue of its form

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16
Q

what is a negation?

A

the negation of a statement is its denial

17
Q

what is a conditional statement?

A

an if-then statement

18
Q

what is an antecedent

A

the ‘if’ clause of a conditional

19
Q

what is a consequent?

A

the ‘then’ clause of a conditional

20
Q

what is a disjunction?

A

an either/or statement

21
Q

what is a disjunct?

A

the statements comprising a disjunction

22
Q

modus ponens

A
  1. if A, then B
  2. A
    so, 3. B
23
Q

modus tollens

A
  1. If A, then B
  2. Not B
    so, 3. Not A
24
Q

hypothetical syllogism

A
  1. If A, then B
  2. If B, then C
    so, 3. If A, then C
25
Q

disjunctive syllogism

A
  1. Either A or B
  2. Not A
    so, 3. Not B
    OR
  3. Either A or B
  4. Not B
    so, 3. A
26
Q

constructive dilemma

A
  1. Either A or B
  2. If A, then C
  3. If B, then D
    so, 4. Either C or D
27
Q

what is an invalid argument form?

A

one that has some valid substitution instances

28
Q

what is a counterexample?

A

a substitution instance in which the premises are true and the conclusion is false

29
Q

what is a good counterexample?

A

a substitution instance in which the premises are well-known truths and the conclusion is a well known falsehood

30
Q

what is the fallacy of affirming the consequent?

A

when the conclusion confirms the antecedent instead of the consequent.
1. If A, then B
2. B
so, 3. A
this is a “flipped” modus ponens

31
Q

what is the fallacy of denying the antecedent?

A

when the argument denies the antecedent of its conditional premise, and its conclusion denies the consequent
1. If A, then B
2. Not A
so, 3. Not B
this is a “flipped” modus tollens

32
Q

what is a categorical statement?

A

a statement that relates two classes or categories, where a class is a set or collection of things

33
Q

what is a strong argument?

A

one in which it is probably (but not necessary) that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true

34
Q

what is a weak argument?

A

one in which it is NOT probable that, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is true

35
Q

what is a cogent argument?

A

a strong argument in which all of the premises are true

36
Q

what is an uncogent argument?

A

one that is either weak or strong with at least one false premise

logic (1 decks)

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