Logic Flashcards
Philosophical study of systematic thinking
Logic
From the greek word logos
Reason/reasoning
Study of human reasoning
Logic
What is the direct object of logic?
Spoken or written arguments
Audible or tangible manifestation of reasoning or thinking
Argument
A system of claims or statements, one which is meant to be supported by other claims.
Argument
What are the two requisites of an argument?
- It must be a system of claims (2 or more claims)
- One of the claims must meant to be supported by other claims.
What are the two parts of an argument?
Premise and conclusion
What is the single process of an argument?
Inference
The claim that is meant to be supported by other claims
Conclusion
The claim that is used as supporting reason for the conclusion
Premise/s
- It is not a visible part of an argument.
- a mental process made every time we draw out a conclusion from the premise
Inference
A judgement expressed in sentence
Propositions
A sentence pronouncing agreement/disagreement between terms
Propositions
It is a statement/claim about a subject matter
Propositions
TRUE OR FALSE: we evaluate the truth-value of a claim or proposition
True
TRUE OR FALSE: we evaluate the validity of a claim and we dont evaluate the validity of an argument.
FALSE: we don’t evaluate the validity of a claim and we evaluate the validity of an argument.
What is the basis of truth and falsehood?
Reality
What are the two types of proposition?
- Categorical
- Hypothetical
Expresses a direct assertion of the agreement/disagreement
Categorical
Direct claim
Categorical
What are the FOUR elements of Categorical Proposition?
- Subject
- Predicate
- Copula
- Quantifier
Expresses a relation between two judgements in which the truth of one depends on the other
Hypothetical
If-then statements
Conditional
What are the three compund statements of hypothetical proposition?
- Conditional
- Disjunctive
- Conjunctive
-and statements
Conjunctive
The mental act which pronounces the agreement/disagreement bet (subject and predicate)
Copula
Either-or statements
Disjunctive
The idea that affirms or denies the subject
Predicate
The one being affirm or deny in the proposition
Subject
The extension of the proposition
Quantifier
Identify the elements: SOME MEN ARE GENEROUS
some - quantifier
Men - subject
Are - copula
Generous - predicate
The logical form of a proposition follows the pattern of…
SUBJECT-COPULA-PREDICATE
TRUE OR FALSE: sometimes it doesn’t follow the pattern
True
What are the two absolute properties of categorical proposition?
Quality and Quantity
Pertains to the expression of copula
Quality
The number of extension
Quantity
Quality of proposition
- Affirmative
- Negative
Has the sense of inclusion
Affirmative
Has the sense of exclusion
Negative
- Universal
- Particular
- Singular
- Collective
Quantity of proposition
It is the ONLY undistributive among the four
Particular
All birds are mortals
Universal
Socrates is mortal
Singular
The class of 1JRN1 is excellent
Collective
Some thomasians are bar takers
Particular
COMBINING TWO PROPERTIES: all men are mortals
Universal Affirmative (A)
All students are not present
Universal Negative (E)
Some students are present
Particular Affirmative (I)
Not all students are scholars
Particular Negative (O)
S
Subject
P
Predicate
+;-
Positive; negative
u;p
universal; particular
If the copula is negative then the predicator is…
Universal
All facebook users are netizens.
Su+Pp
Some books are expensive
Sp + Pp
All angels are not mortal
Su - Pu
No birds are mammals
Su - Pu
Some items are not expensive
Sp - Pu
