loftus and palmer

Question 1

what is the aim of the study
part 1

Answer 1

• to investigate the phrasing of the question used the elicit the speed judgement

Question 2

what is a leading question

Answer 2

• a question that by its form or content suggests to the witness what answer is desired

Question 3

what is the sample
part 1

Answer 3

• 45 students
• 9 subjects in each condition

Question 4

what did the films used show
part 1

Answer 4

• a traffic accident
• 4 out of the 7 were staged crashes

Question 5

how many films were used
part 1

Answer 5

• 7

Question 6

where were the films taken from
part 1

Answer 6

• segments from longer driver’s education films borrowed from the Evergreen safety council and the Seattle police department

Question 7

how long did the films last
part 1

Answer 7

• ranged from 5 to 30 seconds

Question 8

what was the critical question used
part 1

Answer 8

• About how fast was the car going when it -

Question 9

what were the 5 verbs used
part 1

Answer 9

• hit
• smashed
• collided
• bumped
• contacted

Question 10

how long did the entire experiment last
part 1

Answer 10

• hour and a half

Question 11

the films were presented in the same order for each group
true or false

Answer 11

false

Question 12

what were 2 numerical findings
part 1

Answer 12

smashed = 40.5
hit = 34.0

Question 13

what are 2 possible reasons for the results found
part 1

Answer 13

• a subject is uncertain whether to say 30 or 40mph e.g. a smashed verb biases responses towards the 40
• the question form causes a change in the subjects memory representation of the accident

Question 14

why was the second experiment conducted
part 2

Answer 14

• to provide additional insights into the origin of the differential speed estimates

Question 15

how many participants took part
part 2

Answer 15

• 150

Question 16

how long was the film of the multiple car accidents and how long was the accident
part 2

Answer 16

• the film lasted less than a minute
• the accident lasted no longer than 4 seconds

Question 17

what were the participants asked to do at the end of the film
part 2

Answer 17

• given a questionnaire
• answer a series of questions e.g. describe the incident in your own words
• critical question

Question 18

what was the critical question
part 2

Answer 18

• about how fast was the car going when it -

Question 19

what were the 3 conditions
part 2

Answer 19

• control (not asked about speed)
• hit
• smashed

Question 20

what question were the participants asked a week after
part 2

Answer 20

• did you see any broken glass
• embedded in a list of questions

Question 21

what are 2 numerical findings
part 2

Answer 21

• 16 replied yes in the smashed condition, 7 said yes in the smashed
• 0.62 of answers were 16-20 mph in the smashed condition only 0.50 for hit

Question 22

what was concluded about the verb smashed

Answer 22

• leads to higher estimates of speed

Question 23

what are 2 reasons why leading questions have an effect on recall

Answer 23

• perception of the original event
• external information supplied after an event

Question 24

how does what they watched differ from real life cases

Answer 24

• watching a film excludes any emotion that would be felt when witnessing an accident
• may not be representative of a memory reconstruction of a real life task

Question 25

how does Loftus and palmer have a standardised procedure

Answer 25

- each group was given the same 7 films that were all 5 to 30 seconds long

Question 26

what is the practical application of Loftus and Palmer

Answer 26

- shows that police should avoid the use of leading questions in questioning - use open questions of free recall

Question 27

what did Carmichael, Hogan and Walter (1932)

Answer 27

- found that when participants were asked to reproduce a visually presented form their drawings tended to lean in the direction of familiar objects to them - shows our memory is impacted by things we already know

Question 28

what extraneous variables were controlled in Loftus and Palmer

Answer 28

- wording of the critical question - kept the participants attention so they could fully focus on the film - ensure results were based on memory reconstruction

Question 29

what other factors did Loftus and Palmer not take into consideration

Answer 29

- anxiety - recall of the event could be affected by arousal rather than memory reconstruction - increased arousal and stress levels may lead to a decrease in performance in terms of EWT

Question 30

why does the sample being students affect generalisability

Answer 30

- students are used to watching videos and playing close attention

Question 31

what did yuille and cutshall find

Answer 31

- witnesses to a real life shooting in Canada gave accurate reports 3 months after the accident - even though they had been given misleading questions (10/13)