Loftus And Palmer Flashcards
What is a schema
Frame of work of knowledge about an aspect of the world
What is the aim of Loftus and palmer
To investigate whether phrasing of a question can influence judgment of speed. Can changing a verb have any impact on speed estimates
L+P experiment 1 was what design
Lavatory experiment using an independent measures design
Define independent measures design
If two groups in an experiment consist of different individuals
Independent measures benefits =
High control, accurate results, no demand characteristics
Weaknesses for independent measures =
Lacks ecological validity, more p’s needed,
How many participants in L+P experiment 1
45 American students
The 45 American students were divided into
5 groups containing 9 p’s
The 45 students were
Easy to obtain, reasonable starting size, likely to be willing to participate
However 45 students were (negatives)
Not diverse, not ethnocentric, likely to be same academic level
How many film clips were shown in L+P experiment 1
7 film clips
How long did the 7 film segments last for
5mins 30 seconds
How many of the seven crashes were staged
4 (so speed was known)
How many questionnaires were given
Seven
The questionnaires gained what type of data
Qualitative
The independent variable in L+P experiment 1 was
The verb in the critical question
How many groups in exp 1 L+P
5 groups of 9 students
The five verbs in exp 1 critical questions were
Contacted, hit, bumped, collided, smashed
Staged crashes (negatives)
Less realistic, less ecological validity
Staged crashes positives
We know the exact speed
Questionnaires (positives)
Qualatative + quantitative data
Questionnaires (negatives)
People won’t take time to do them properly
Honesty (boredom)
Mean speed estimate for smashed (exp 1)
40.8mph
Mean speed estimate for contacted in exp 1
31.8mph
Conclusion from L+ P exp 1
The more severe the verb the higher the mean speed estimate
Conclusions of L+P exp 1
Response bias factors, form of question influences speed estimate
How many p’s in L+P exp 2
150 students
The 150 students in L+P exp 2 were divided into
3 groups of 50
apparatus of exp 2 L+P (the film)
A film showing multiple crashes which lasted less than a minute
The independent variable in L+P was the ________ of the question
Wording
The three verbs used in experiment 2 were
Smashed, hit and the control group weren’t asked about speed.
I’m exp 2 they returned a week later and were asked
Did you see any broken glass? (There was not)
The dependent variable in exp 2 was
The answer to the question ‘did you see any broken glass’
Mean estimate of speed for smashed in exp 2
10.46 mph
Mean estimate of speed for hit in exp 2
8.0 mph
The results of exp 2 showed that the verb has a
Significant effect on thinking there was broken glass
The study of L+P concluded that the verb not only influenced speed estimates but increased the likely hood that
They thought there was broken glass
