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Functional groups
Cluster of atoms that are involved in chemical reactions
Hydroxyl
- Formula; OH
- Found in alcohols
Carboxyl
- Formula; COOH, COO-
- Found in acids
Carbonyl
- Formula; CO/COH
Amino
Formula ; NH2, NH3 +
Makes a molecule more basic
BONDING CAPACITY
Bonding capacity for common elements:
C - 4
H - 1
O - 2
S – 2 or 6
N – 3 or 5
P – 5 (in phosphate)
Properties of Hydroxyl
POLAR
Properties of Carbonyl
POLAR
Properties of Carboxyl
polar
acidic ( donates an atom)
Properties of Amino
polar
basic (accepts an atom)
Properties of Phosphate
polar
negatively charged
Properties of Sulfhydryl
Slightly polar
Macromolecules
large molecules composed of repeating subunits.
The subunits are called
What are the subunits in macromolecules called
MONOMERS
What does polarity depend on
The polarity of a covalent bond depends on electronegativity of atoms involved. Electronegativity: the measure of an atom’s attraction
for additional electrons
Ionic bonds
The complete transfer of one or more valence atoms. Full charges on resulting ions
Intermolecular bonds
- Bonds between molecules
- Weaker
- Determine state of matter
Van der Waals forces (LDF, dipole-dipole) or Hydrogen bonds
What is the most important feature of water
Its dipole nature. This means it has two charges. There is a small positive charge on each of the hydrogens and a small negative charge on the positive
The Importance of Molecular Polarity in Biology
Like Dissolves Like
The polarity of water organizes molecules into cells
Explain the meaning of “like dissolves like”
Polar liquid dissolves polar solid
Nonpolar liquid dissolves nonpolar solid
Nonpolar and polar do not dissolve
If two substances will dissolve, they are said to be miscible
If two substances will not dissolve, they are said to be immiscible
Hydrophobic
doesn’t mix w water
Hydrophyllic
mixes with water
Solvent
The liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution
Solute
A substance dissolved in another substance
What is hydroxyl found in
carbs, proteins, nucleic acid, lipids
What is Carbonyl found in
carbs, nucleic acid
What is Carboxyl found in
proteins lipids
What is Amino found in
proteins, nucleic acids
What is Sulfhydryl found in
proteins
What is Phosphate found in
nuclieic acids
Why are ions relevant in biology
Ions are an important part of living systems. For
example, hydrogen ions, H+, are critical to many
biological processes, including cellular respiration.
Sodium ions, Na+, are part of transport mechanisms
that enable specific molecules to enter cells.
Radioisotopes
The nuclei of some isotopes of an element are unstable and tend to break down, or decay, giving off particles of matter that can be detected as radioactivity. The decay process transforms an unstable, radioactive isotope—called a radioisotope into an atom of another element
ionic bond
a bond that results from attraction between two oppositely charged atoms
what do intermolecular forces influence
physical properties, brittleness, melting point
hydrogen bond
the attractive force between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom and a partially negatively charged atom in another molecule
properties of water
high specific heat capacity
cohesion- water clings
adhesion - water clings
solid water is less dense than liquid water
what’s a buffer
a weak acid or base that can compensate for changes in a solution to maintain the proper pH level.
