localization of function

Question 1

localization of function

Answer 1

refers to the idea that certain functions (e.g. behaviour, thoughts, emotions, language, memory) originate in the brain in specific localizations

Question 2

neuroplasticity

Answer 2

refers to the brain’s ability to change structurally and chemically by experience. the change occurs through making and breaking synaptic connections between neurons. in this process neural networks literally change their shape.

Question 3

posterior and anterior

Answer 3

back and front

Question 4

superior, dorsal

Answer 4

top

Question 5

inferior, ventral

Answer 5

bottom

Question 6

medial

Answer 6

areas in the middle of the brain

Question 7

lateral

Answer 7

areas far from the brain’s midline

Question 8

coronal

Answer 8

when the brain is sliced to separate the front from the back

Question 9

horizontal

Answer 9

when top is separated from the bottom

Question 10

sagittal

Answer 10

when left side is separated from the right side

Question 11

frontal lobe

Answer 11

reasoning and motor processing, planning, speaking(expressive language), emotional expression

Question 12

parietal lobe

Answer 12

sensations in the skin and muscles of the body, visual perception, reading and writing, math calculations, sense of touch,taste and smell

Question 13

occipital lobe

Answer 13

visual reception area, visual interpretation, reading(perception and recognition)

Question 14

cerebellum

Answer 14

coordination of voluntary movement, balance and equilibrium, some memory for reflex motor acts.

Question 15

brain stem

Answer 15

sense of balance, reflexes to seeing and hearing, autonomic nervous system, blood vessel control, breathing, heart control. digestion, swallowing, consciousness, blood pressure, ability to sleep, sweating.

Question 16

temporal lobe

Answer 16

auditory processing,understanding language, memory

Question 17

broca’s area

Answer 17

Paul Broca, 1860. patient’s name is Tan. front association cortex.
great difficulties in speaking, and spoken language tends to be very slow and lacking in fluency. in contrast, the ability to comprehend speech is relatively good. PET scans. three kinds of problems:
1)amomia: difficulty in finding the right word.
2)agrammatism: difficulty in speaking in grammatical way.
3)articulation problems: many words are mispronounced.

Question 18

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 18

patients who are able to speak, but who had a very poor ability to understand language. they speak fluent but in a meaningless way.CAT and MRI scans.
part of the left hemisphere in the middle and back areas of the superior temporal gyrus(part of the auditory association cortex).
1)pure word deafness
2)word comprehension
3)thought expression

Question 19

phrenology

Answer 19

Phrenology is a pseudoscience which involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits. It is based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules.

Question 20

Broca’s aphasia (expressive aphasia)

Answer 20

speech comprehension is relatively good.
anomia, agrammatism, mispronunciation
damage to Broca’s area within the left frontal lobe and in adjacent parts of the frontal lobe, and subcortical white matter.

Question 21

Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive aphasia)

Answer 21

pure word deafness, word comprehension difficulties
fluent but meaningless speech
damage to Wernicke’s area, within the left temporal lobe

Question 22

corpus callosum

Answer 22

bridge between the two hemispheres

Question 23

equipotentiality theory

Answer 23

suggests that the basic motor and sensory functions are localized, but that higher mental functions are not.