Localization of cortical functions

Question 1

What are multimodal cortical regions?

Answer 1

aka (associational cortical regions.

Combines input from multiple sensory modalities and the motor cortex. Associated with higher cognitive processes such as memory, planning, language, math, logic, and conscious awareness

Question 2

Where is the parietal multimodal cortex?

Answer 2

Brodmann area 7

Between the somatosensory and visual cortex

Question 3

What is the fxn of the parietal multimodal cortex?

Answer 3

1. spacial localization
2. attention
3. Localization of body in space
4. Perception of “agency”–in charge and making decisions
5. Works with frontal cortex on “working memory”

Question 4

What would you observe with damage to the parietal cortex?

Answer 4

1. Impaired attention
2. Inability to perceive objects in the environment= “neglect”
3. optic apraxia=deficits in scanning of the environment
4. optic ataxia=hand-eye coordination
5. simultanagnosia
6. tactile agnosia (3D visualization of object based on touch)

Question 5

Damage to which hemisphere would be likely to lead to neglect?

Answer 5

Damage to the non-dominant (usually right) hemisphere, of the parietal cortex. This is because the non-dominant parietal lobe attends to both sides of the world, while the dominant parietal lobe is only tuned to the contralateral visual field

Question 6

Where is the temporal association cortex?

Answer 6

Brodmann areas 21 and 22

Question 7

What role does the temporal lobe play?

Answer 7

auditory and visual information processing for object recognition and language comprehension

Question 8

What deficits would you expect with temporal lobe damage?

Answer 8

1. visual agnosia: inability to recognize objects by sight
2. prosopagnosia: Inability to recognize faces
3. auditory agnosia: inability to recognize complex sounds such as words
4. receptive aphasia: deficits in language comprehension
5. acalculia: Damage to the dominant temporal lobe results in impaired ability to calculate

Question 9

What are the two pain portions of the prefrontal associational cortex?

Answer 9

1. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (areas 9,10,46)

2. orbitomedial prefrontal cortex (areas 11, 12)

Question 10

What is the fxn of the DLPC?

Answer 10

executive function: working memory, judgment, planning sequencing of activity, abstract reasoning, and divided attention.

Question 11

What is the fxn of the orbitomedial prefrontal cortex?

Answer 11

1. impulse control (a big one)
2. personality
3. reactivity to surroundings
4. mood

Question 12

Fxn of the anterior cingulate gyrus:

Answer 12

Responsible for mood

Question 13

What deficits would you see with frontal association area damage?

Answer 13

1. personality change
2. perseveration: repetition of a normal motor pattern after it should have stopped. Can include repeating the same thing over and over.
3. alien hand syndrome

Question 14

Describe how voluntary movement is initiated

Answer 14

1. supplementary motor cortex initiates movement. Sends output to parietal cortex which informs perceptual brain about decisions that have already been made. Perceptual brain generates illusion of conscious decision.

Question 15

What happens with lesions to the supplementary motor area?

Answer 15

inability to initiate movements=abulia

Question 16

What happens with stimulation of the supplementary motor cortex?

Answer 16

Urge to move

Question 17

What happens with stimulation of the parietal cortex?

Answer 17

illusion that movement occurred, even in the absence of movement

Question 18

What structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

Answer 18

The corpus callosum

Question 19

What does the wada test do?

Answer 19

Tests for which hemisphere is dominant. Anesthetic wipes out one hemisphere of the brain and asked to name an object. If speech is affected, that is the dominant hemisphere

Question 20

Where is the receptive language area?

Answer 20

Wernicke’s area (area 22), supramarginal (area 40) and angular gyrus (39)

Question 21

Where is broca’s area?

Answer 21

areas 44 and 45

Question 22

Which areas are stimulated by sign language and deaf individuals?

Answer 22

broca and wernicke’s area.

Question 23

What area is responsible for self identification?

Answer 23

dominant hemipshere

Question 24

What causes contralateral neglect syndrome?

Answer 24

Damage to the parietal cortex on the nondominant side. Because left brain provides unilateral attention to the right side of the visual field. Right brain provides bilateral attention to the visual field.

Question 25

What is balint’s syndrome

Answer 25

Bilateral damage to parietal association cortex

1. simultanagnosia
2. optic apraxia
3. optic ataxia

Question 26

What area is responsible for face recognition?

Answer 26

Inferior temporal cortex. Specific cells are responsible for recognizing different face profiles. Right entorhinal cortex lights up during scene recall.

Question 27

The frontal association cortex receives input from:

Answer 27

limbic cortex, amygdala, septal nuclei, thalamus

Question 28

Which part of the brain is responsible for working memory?

Answer 28

frontal association cortex

Question 29

Which part of the brain is responsible for delayed response tasks?

Answer 29

frontal association cortex

Question 30

What is utilization behavior?

Answer 30

Inability to resist impulses to handle objects. associated with frontal cortex damage

Question 31

What is the dominant (usually left) brain responsible for?

Answer 31

language, math, logic

Question 32

What is the right side of the brain responsible for?

Answer 32

face recognition
spatial skills
music
visual imagery

Question 33

Which part of the brain is responsible for self identification?

Answer 33

left hemisphere, although right brain is for face recognition