Local Taxation Flashcards
What legislation governs rating?
Local Government Finance Act 1988
General rates act 1967
NDR alterations 2009
Rating reforms act 2023
Commissioners for Revenue and Customs Act 2005
Valuation Tribunal for England (Council Tax and Rating Appeals) (Procedure) Regulations 2009
What is business rates?
Tax on occupation not ownership. Tax on land and buildings unless exempt or domestic.
What is a rating list?
A list of properties that is compiled by a VO. (It is used by a billing authority to calculate the amount of non-domestic rates that are payable).
Definition of RV?
The Rateable Value of a non-domestic hereditament “shall be taken to be an amount equal to the rent at which it is estimated the hereditament might reasonably be expected to let from year to year” on three stated assumptions.
The estimated annual rental income expected to be achieved for a hereditament vacant and available to let on the open market, based on three statutory assumptions.
Where might I find the definition of RV
LGFA 1988 Schedule 6
When valuing for local tax what assumptions are made?
1) tenancy begins on day determination is made (AVD)
2) reasonable state of repair apart from those deemed uneconomical
3) lease agreed on FRI basis
What is AVD?
The date at which the determination is to be made. Achieves uniformity.
What do we consider at AVD?
Date - Non physical factors are taken into account (2 years prior to compiled list)
Rental values
Economy
Law etc
What is the current AVD?
01 Apr 2021
The Rating Lists (Valuation Date) (England) Order 2020
What is material date?
Day which has regard to any physical matters such as
Size, construction, use ..basically anything on MCC
Non-Domestic Rating (Material Day for List Alternations) Regulations 1992
Who sets the Material Day?
Non-domestic rating (Material day for list alterations) regulations 1992 SI No. 556
What is the effective date?
date when rating list starts, stops or amended
Non-Domestic Rating (Alternation of List and Appeals)(England) 2009
What is a hereditament?
section 115 (1) of the General Rate Act 1967 (the 1967 Act)
A unit of assessment or extent of a property that has a single entry in the Rating List.
(A single unit of assessment)
What is the appeals process for business rates?
Check - confirm FACTUAL survey details (12mth deadline, 4mth from DN to lodge CHG) [If the case is a MCC (material change of circumstances), the IP has 16 months from the submission of the check once we have settled the check]
Challenge - dispute VALUATION matters (18mth deadline, 4 mth from DN to lodge appeal
Appeal - disagree with CHG can go to appeal. Fees; small proposer £150 otherwise £300
If not resolved at appeal can go to
Upper lands tribunal
Court of appeal
Supreme Court
Why was CCA introduced?
Reformed appeal system to make it more efficient and reduce the number of speculative appeals.
Ensures factual details are dealt with early on the process by requesting details upfront
What is the CCA process?
Legal provision, which allows IP or agents to contend the accuracy of the rating list, factual information, or levels of value for their rating assessment
Is there any caselaw regarding a hereditament?
Gilbert (VO) v Hickinbottom
What are the six rules to satisfy a hereditament?
- Single rateable occupier
- In a billing authority
- (Capable of) Separate occupation
- Single use
- Single geographical unit
- Single definable position
Tell me about Woolway v Mazars 2015
Decision of Supreme court - Two floors in an office building separated by common areas should be assessed as two separate hereditaments. It established legal rules set out three principles for establishing the hereditament, including geographical, functional and the effectual enjoyment of the other
What is PICO 2018 [the Rating (Property in Common Occupation) and Council Tax (Empty Dwellings) Act 2018 ]
Property that is in the same occupation and contiguous but not interconnecting and used for the same purpose can now be regarded as one hereditament.
where two or more hereditaments occupied or owned by the same person meet certain conditions as to contiguity, for those properties to be treated as a single hereditament.
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Property in common occupation 2018 3 rules for contiguity
1. Single use
2. Single ratable occupier
3. Contiguous as in floor plates touch
No requirement to intercommunicate
Took effect from April 2010 in England and in Wales from April 2024
What is the main difference between pico and mazars
mazars requires intercommunication between floors vs PICO does not
How does contiguity work for empty property?
Prev occ contiguous property will continue to be one assessment if becomes empty on same day. If parts vacated on separate days then individual assessments will apply
What are the 4 tenants of rateability?
JOHN LAING AND SON V KINGSWOOD 1949
ABET principles
ACTUAL- occupier must physically occupy the hereditament or physically control the site. Caselaw; Tomlin v WCC 1990 squatters liable
BENEFICIAL - Has the ability to offer level of benefit to hypothetical tenant. Eg. School makes no profit still rateable due to hypothetical benefit to tenant. Caselaw; Lambeth overseers v LCC 1897 Park held into perpetuity to public could never have benefits to hypothetical tenant
EXCLUSIVE- leading case Westminster CC v Southern railway 1936 question not who was in paramount ctrl of station but who was in paramount ctrl of part Let out. Also yoy can have x2 exclusive uses on land which are separately rateable
TRANSIENCE- must be degree of permanence. Used to be 12 months. Since Hampton v Lewis now based on intensity of use
What are Chattels?
Movable objects, if enjoyed together with land and have a sufficient degree of permanence can become rateable for e.g caravan, portacabin, floating restaurants
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