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Physiology > Local factors of cardiovascular regulation > Flashcards

Local factors of cardiovascular regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main tasks in Regulation of Circulation?

A
  • Substance (material) transport to and from the tissues should be insured
  • Prevention of the Collapse of circulation by providing sufficient blood supply to the organs according to the metabolic needs.
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2
Q

Types of Regulation of circulation?

A
  1. Local (=intrinsic)
    - short term/long term
    - regulated by fast, local, auto-regulative processes.
  2. Central (=extrinsic)
    - Short term/long term
    - coordinating redistribution
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3
Q

What is the 1.Local regulation of circulation?

A

Intensity of perfusion (blood flow) is determined mainly by the oxygen and nutrient demand of the organ.

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4
Q

What is the 2. Central regulation of circulation?

A

Maintaining the optimal working condition of the organs in the long run needs central (extrinsic) regulations provided by CNS/hormoes, adjusting the contraction status of arteries and veins (coordinating redistribution)

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5
Q

What is the fast adjustments of perfusion state in 1/a Intrinsic Short term regulation?

A
  1. Autoregulation and myogenic regulation
  2. Endothel Derived Regulation
  3. Metabolites Related Regulation
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6
Q

What is myogenic adaptation?

A

Microcirculation should not be influenced by the changes of peripheral blood pressure
- stability must be maintaned, which is provided by Myogenic adaptation.

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7
Q

What is the Bayliss effect?

A

Pressure changes initiate adequate response of metarteriole´s sphincters (contraction or relaxation), so perfusion will adapt to the metabolic demand.
So microcirculation works, perfusion is stabile, or it is adjusted to the needs.

The bayliss effect is unrelated to the sympathetic or parasympathetic regulation.

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8
Q

What are the factors of Autoregulation by myogenic tone?

A
  • Myogenic adaptation

- Bayliss effect

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9
Q

What is the Endothel related regulation and what is the Erelated humoral factors?

A

Blood pressure expressed on endothelium create deformation. The deformation and certain plasma-factors will generate humoral signals, influencing the contraction capacity of smooth muscle in the vessel

  • EDRF
  • EDCF
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10
Q

What is EDRF?

A

Endothelium Derived Relaxing Factor

  • NO (nitrogen monoxid)
  • Prostacyclin (PGl2 hormone)
  • Endothelial-factor (unrelated to NO and Prostacyclin)
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11
Q

What is EDCF?

A

Endothelium Derived Contracting Factor

  • Endothelins (ET 1-4)
  • Cyclooxygenase dependent factors
  • Angiotensin-II
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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action of NO in EDRF?

A
  • A gas-type “hormone”
  • Fast penetration to smooth muscle cGMP increase leads to muscle relaxation
  • The vessels are under a permament, slight NO influence.
    the actual contraction status is determined by the sympathetic vasoconstrictor balance
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13
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Prostacyclin (PGl2 hormone) in EDRF?

A
  • Increases NO production, + has a direct muscle relaxation effect, by increasing cAMP concentration
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14
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Entohelial-factor in EDRF?

A
  • resulting in hyperpolarization by activating ATP dependent K-channels. Therefore K is an indirect vasodilator
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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Cyclooxygenase dependant factors of EDCF?

A
  • TXA2
  • Stimulates NO degradation
  • Has a direct effect resulting also contraction
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16
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the Endothelins in EDCF?

A
  • very strong constrictors
  • ET-1-3 naturally occuring in many tissues
  • ET-4 found in the lung
17
Q

What is the mechanism of action in Angiotensin-II of EDCF?

A
  • direct casoconstrictor
  • stimulates production of Endothelins
  • Increase sympathetic vasocostriction
18
Q

What happens when the ET-1 binds to the ET receptor?

A

It triggers activities that can cause:

  • blood vessels and the airways in the lung to constrict or tighten
  • the formation of new blood vessels or other tissue
  • pain
  • growth, production, and survival of specific cell types.
19
Q

What is the role of Acetylcholine?

A
  1. through nerve endings:
    - deliberation of Acetyl choline by direct stimulation of the vessel
    - -> vasoconstriction
  2. Arriving form the lumen of the blood vessel
    - Will act through the endothelium
    - Increases NO production
    - > vasodilation
20
Q

Regulation through metabolites

A

is the most important local autoregulative element

21
Q

Increased metabolic activity results in:

A
  • increased O2-consumption (pO2 decreases =hypoxia)
  • Increased adenozine concetration
  • Increased H-ion concentration
  • Increased CO2 concentration
  • Increased K-ion concentration
22
Q

The factors of metabolic activity stimulates the?

A

EDRF

23
Q

What is the respons of the metabolic activity?

A

NO production increases, fast diffusion of NO into the smooth muscles, increasing cGMP: the result is relaxation.
PGI2 and hyperpolarizing factors are also released.

24
Q

I/b Intrinsic long term regulation

A
  • Intensive and sustained work of different organs cause morphological changes, resulting in increased perfusion.
  • Certain factors stimulate the process of revascularization, leading to the enrichment of capillarization
25
Q

Increased local perfusion results in?

A

Hyperemia

26
Q

What are the different types of hyperemia?

A
  • Active hyperemia

- Reactive hyperemia

27
Q

What is Active hyperemia (functional hyperemia)?

A

If hyperemia is related to increased metabolic activity of the tissue (i.e active muscle activity)

28
Q

What is reactive hyperemia?

A
  • secondary increase of perfusion
  • i.e compression of the artery of the limb reduces perfusion (pale), hyperemia happens.
  • however, after compression is released, other factors can be: lack of O2, increased metabolite concentration or inflammation.

Physiology (11 decks)

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