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Anes. Pharm. Me > Local Anesthetics > Flashcards

Local Anesthetics Flashcards

2
Q

What is the mechanism of local anesthetics?

A

LA block voltage gated sodium channels preventing the influx of sodium ions, thus preventing an action potential

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3
Q

Local anesthetics bind Na channels in the _______ state

A

activated

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4
Q

How do local anesthetics affect resting and threshold potentials?

A

not altered

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5
Q

Which nerves are more easily blocked?Myelinated or unmyelinated?small or large fibers?resting or rapidly firing channels?proximal or distal?

A

Easier:MyelinatedSmallrapidly firingproximal

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6
Q

What are the three groups in the LA molecule?

A

Lipophilic group (benzene ring) and hdyrophilic group (tertiary amine) linked together with either an ester or amide

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7
Q

Name the amide LAs

A

LidocainemepivacainePrilocaineBupivacaineRopivacaineEtidocainei before the caine

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8
Q

Name the ester linked LAs

A

Procaine Chloroprocainetetrocainecocainebenzocaine

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9
Q

Where are the amides metabolized?

A

liver

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10
Q

Where are esters metabolized? Exception?

A

esters are metabolized by plasma cholinesterases, except cocaine which is met in liver

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11
Q

Which are more potent, esters or amides? What determines potency?

A

Esters are more potent. Potency determind by lipid solubility

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12
Q

what properties determine onset?

A

lipid solubility and pKa

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13
Q

What is the measure of local potency for LA that is similar to MAC?

A

Cm

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14
Q

What factors determine the absorption of LA?

A

DosageSite of injectionDrug-tissue bindingLocal blood flowvasoconstrictors

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15
Q

What side effect can metabolites of prilocaine and benzocaine have?

A

methemoglobinemia (ortholuidine)

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16
Q

What is the metabolite of esters that may cause an allergic rxn?

A

para aminobenzoic acid (PABA)

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17
Q

What is the physiologic effect of methemoglobinemia?

A

decreases O2 and CO2 carrying capacity of hemoglobin

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18
Q

Which group of pts have a higher risk for methemoglobinemia?

A

neonates due to fetal hemoglobin

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19
Q

What is normal methemoglobinemia?

A

<1%

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20
Q

What are the S & S of methemoglobinemia?

A

SOBcyanosischocolatey-brown arterial blood pulse ox that always reads 85%

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21
Q

What is the treatment for methemoglobinemia?

A

1-2 mg/kg methylene blue

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22
Q

Does addition of vasoconstrictors affect onset of LA?

A

no

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23
Q

Vasoconstrictors _________ duration of LA by limiting systemic _________ and maintaining the drug concentration at the _______.

A

increasesabsorptionnerve

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24
Q

Addition of epi (increases/decreases) the chance of systemic toxicity?

A

decreases

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25
Q

What is concentration of epi used with LA?

A

1:200,000 or 5 mcg/ml

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26
How much does epi prolong the effect of bupivicaine?
epi has very little effect with bupivicaine
27
what factors influence the possibility of absorption leading to systemic toxicity?
DoseVascularity of sitepresence of epiproperties of the drug
28
Subcutaneous, intravenous, sciatic, tracheal, intercostal, brachial plexus, caudal, epidural paracervical. Arrange from most to least vascular
intravenous>tracheal>intercostal>caudal>paracervical>epidural>brachial plexus>sciatic>subcutaneous
29
What effects does systemic toxicity have on CNS?
Circumoral numbnessRestlessnessslurred speech siezure
30
What effects does systemic toxicity have on the cv system?
HypotensionDecreased cardiac conductionVentricular arrythmias
31
Which has worse effects on the CV system? lidocaine or bupivicaine?
bupivicaine
32
What is the limit for dosages for lidocaine?
5mg/kg/ without epi7mg/kg with epi
33
What is the limit of the dose of bupivicaine?
2.5 mg/kg
34
What is the method of action of cocaine?
aside from its local effect cocaine also blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepi
35
How is cocaine used clinically?
mostly in ENT surgery for the nose due to its vasoconstrictive and local effects
36
What is the peak time of intranasal cocaine?
30-45 minutes
37
What are the adverse effects of cocaine?
increased HR, ventricular arrhythmias, and coronary vasoconstriction
38
How do you treat the toxicity of cocaine?
Supportive treatmentnitroglycerine
39
Is ephedrine a good choice for a chronic cocaine user?
No. Norepi stores will be depleted so ephedrine won't work
40
How long does lidocaine last in a spinal?
<1.5 hours
41
What is the side effect of lidocaine in a spinal?
transient neurological symptoms
42
What is a usual concentration of lidocaine for a spinal?
5% with 7.5% dextrose
43
How long does bupivicaine last in a spinal?
2-2.5 hours
44
What is a usual concentration of bupivicaine used for a spinal?
0.5% and 0.75% with or without dextrose
45
How long does tetracaine last in a spinal?
2-3 hours up to 5 with epi
46
What is the usual concentration of tetracaine used for a spinal?
1% solution, can be mixed with 10% dextrose
47
When and how does epidural anesthesia during deliveray become a problem for the neonate?
When the baby is in distress, it will become acidotic which traps the drug. toxicity may become a problem, esp with lido
48
What is the differences in volume used for epidural vs spinal?
Spinal usually uses 1-2 ml (up to 3-4 with bupivicaine according to the chart in the notes) while epidurals require 15-30ml
49
How is the duration of a bier block determined?
tourniquet time
50
How much 5% lidocaine or prilocaine would you use for a bier block?
50 cc
51
Which has a lower plasma concentration in a bier block at the same dose, prilocaine or lidocaine?
prilocaine
52
How much bupivicaine do you use for a bier block?
don't use bupivicaine for a bier block, more likely to cause cardiac effects when tourniquet is deflated
53
The _______ of the drug determines the amount of local anesthetic that exists in the nonionized form in the tissue
pKa
54
Which drugs are used for topical anesthesia?
prilocaine,cocaine, lidocaine (w/ oxymetazoline
55
What is local infiltration?
Extravascular placement of local anesthetic in the area to be anesthetized
56
What anesthetic is in hurricane spray?
benzocaine
57
Name a procedure where nebulized lidocaine may be used?
awake bronchoscopy
58
What is emla?
eutectic mixture of local anesthetic (a cream that is put on the skin and held there with a tegaderm)
59
What is the impediment that makes it difficult for local anesthesia to cross skin
keratin in the skin
60
How long is the onset and duration of emla?
1 hour, duration ~ 2 hrs
61
What is the dose for emla?
1-2 gram/10cm2 area of skin
62
Which patient is contraindicated for emla?
<1mo
63
Can a patient use an emla if they are susceptible to methemoglobin?
yes, just don't use prilocaine or benzocaine in the preparation
64
How much EMLA do you use for broken skin?
Don't use on broken skin
65
Which drugs are considered short acting for infiltration anesthesia?
procaine-20-30 minChloroprocaine 15-30 min
66
Which drugs are considered moderate duration for infiltration anesthesia?
Lidocaine-30-60 minMepivacaine 45-90 minprilocaine 30-90
67
Which drugs are long acting for infiltration anesthesia?
Bupivacaine 120-240 minEndocaine 120-180 min
68
What are the first 4 symptoms of local anesthetic toxicity?
circumoral numbnesstinnitiuslightheadednessvisual disturbances
69
What are the last 5 symptoms of LA toxicity?
Muscle twitchingUnconsciousnessconvulsionsRespiratory depressioncardiovascular collapse

Anes. Pharm. Me (15 decks)

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