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Health and social care > LO6 > Flashcards

LO6 Flashcards

1
Q

Eye: how we see- cornea

A
  • The images we see are made up of light reflected from the objects we look at.
  • The light enters through the cornea, which acts like a window at the front of the eye.
  • It controls and focuses the amount of light that enter the eye.
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2
Q

Pupil

A
  • The pupil is an opening situated in the middle if the iris.
  • Th amount of light entering the eye is also controlled by the pupil.
  • It allows light to be transmitted to the retina.
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3
Q

Iris

A
  • A thin tissue located inside the eye. It has a hole in the centre of it called the pupil.
  • It helps to control the amount if light that enters the eye.
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4
Q

Lens

A
  • The lens is a clear disc like structure that helps to focus light on the retina. It can do this because it is adjustable and uses a muscle called the ciliary muscle to change shape and help us to focus on objects at different distances.
  • The automatic focusing of the lens is a reflex response and is not controlled by the brain.
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5
Q

Ciliary muscle/ suspensory ligaments

A
  • A circular muscle that is located in the eyes middle layer.
  • It enables the lens to change shape for focusing on near and distant objects; a process referred to as accommodation.
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6
Q

Retina

A
  • Because ethe front part of the eye is curved, it bends the light, creating an upside-down image on the retina.
  • The brain eventually turns the image the right way up.
  • The retina lines the back of the eye and is situated near the optic nerve.
  • It processes the light through the lens of the eye and sends this on to the brain for recognition.
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7
Q

Macula

A
  • The macula is part of the retina and is located at the back of the eye.
  • It is responsible for detailed central and colour vision.
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8
Q

Optic nerve

A
  • The optic nerve is situated at the back of the eye and is also known as the cranial nerve.
  • The optic nerve transmits the electrical impulses formed by the retina by the retina to the brain, which then interprets these messages as images.
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9
Q

Conjunctiva

A
  • The thin membrane that covers the outer surface of the eye and the inside of the eyelids.
  • It lubricates the outer layer of the eye and helps to prevent microbes entering into the part of the eye.
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10
Q

Humours

A
  • These refer to fluids present in the eye.
  • For example, the aqueous humour is the fluid that fills the space in the eye that lies between the cornea and the iris.
  • The help the eye to maintain its shape and prevent injuries to the eye by helping to absorb shocks to the eye.
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11
Q

Tear gland

A
  • Located in the upper part of the eye behind each eye.
  • They secrete fluid that cleans and protects the eye’s surface.
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12
Q

Malfunctions of eye: cataracts

A
  • Symptoms: blurred, misty vision, hard to look at bright lights, harder to see in low level light, colours look faded
  • Causes: Family history, smoking, diabetes, alcohol, long term steroid use, eye injury
  • Treatments: surgery to replace lens – risk of permanent sight loss, contact lenses
  • Impacts: reading, driving, recognising faces
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13
Q

Malfunctions of eye: Glaucoma

A
  • Symptoms: no symptoms first, blurred vision, see rainbow of light appear
  • Causes: build-up of pressure in eye, don’t drain properly, damage blood vessels
  • If not treated, you would go blind.
  • can’t reverse loss of vision.
  • Risk factors: age, ethnicity (Caribbean, African), family history, diabetes
  • Treatment: eye drops, laser eye treatment, surgery – remove tube, eye patch.
  • Monitoring: regular tests.
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14
Q

Malfunctions of eyes: retinopathy

A
  • Complication of diabetes
  • Causes: high blood sugar levels – damages retina, smoking, poor diet, not controlling sugar levels, high blood pressure
  • Would go blind eventually.
  • Regular appointments and eye tests important with diabetes.
  • Treatments: laser eye treatments – can’t see bright lights, eye injections, surgery – remove fluid.
  • Symptoms: impaired vision
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15
Q

Malfunctions of eye: Age related macular degeneration (AMD)

A
  • Two types: dry AMD and wet AMD
  • Treatments: No treatment for dry AMD, Wet AMD can treat –
  • Causes: don’t know exact cause – can be age, family history, overweight, smoking, high blood pressure
  • Treatments: eye injections, photodynamic therapy – light treatment.
  • Monitoring: regular eye tests
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16
Q

Components of ear

A
  • External ear
  • Middle ear:
  • Ear drum
  • Stapes/incus/malleus ear bones
  • Inner ear:
17
Q

Function of ear

A
  • Hear sound
  • Detect motion.
  • Detect orientation.
  • Maintain balance.
18
Q

How we hear?

A
  • Equilibrium – along with hearing, the inner ear is responsible for encoding information about equilibrium (the sense of balance), which it does in the vestibule and semi-circular canals, structures that are sometimes collectively referred to as the vestibular apparatus.
  • Amplify – to make sounds louder.
  • Action potentials – electric impulses are sent along the auditory nerve and are registered by the brain as sounds.
19
Q

External ear:

A
  • The external ear funnels sound waves into our ear via the pinnae – the outside parts of our ear have many names such as concha, helix, and pinna – don’t need to know the names for exam.
20
Q

Ear drum (tympanic membrane)

A
  • A membrane at the end of the auditory canal.
  • The beginning of the middle ear.
  • Sound waves cause the ear drum to vibrate.
21
Q

Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup):

A
  • The vibrations are carried across the middle ear by three small bones before striking a further membrane – the oval window.
22
Q

Oval window

A
  • A membrane covering the entrance of the cochlea.
  • This is 22 times smaller than the eardrum and so magnifies the intensity of the vibrations.
  • The oval window also vibrates.
  • On the other side of the oval window is the inner ear.
23
Q

Round window

A
  • One of two openings from the middle ear to the inner ear.
  • Vibrates in opposite phase to vibrations through the oval window.
  • In doing so, it allows the fluid in the cochlea to move.
24
Q

Cochlea

A
  • Resembling a snail’s shell the cochlea contains jelly-like fluid called perilymph and is in the inner ear.
  • It is capable of exceptional sound analysis.
25
Q

Organ of Corti:

A
  • Within the cochlea are membranes lined with sensitive hair-like structures called the organ of corti.
  • These structures fire impulses to the brain along the auditory nerve.
26
Q

Auditory nerve

A
  • The information sent from the organ of corti to the brain travels along here.
  • The brain registers this information as sounds.
27
Q

Eustachian tube:

A
  • A small passageway that connects our middle ear to our throat and allows the middle ear to be at the same pressure as atmospheric air.
  • Our ears pop on aeroplanes due to equalising pressure.
  • If the pressure in the middle ear is not the same as the air pressure the ear drum would not vibrate correctly and could burst.
28
Q

Semi-circular canals and ampullae:

A
  • Fluid filled tubes (semi-circular canals) and swellings (ampullae) are connected to the cochlea but not involved in hearing.
  • In these tubes, movement of the fluids results in messages being sent to the brain that gives us information on orientation and movement. To help with this, microscopic granules called otoliths press against the sensitive hairs if we alter our position or rate of movement.
29
Q

Malfunction of ear: cause of deafness

A
  • Some people can be born without hearing however most cases of deafness are because of illness such as meningitis or head trauma, repeated exposure to loud noises or age.
  • There are two main types of hearing loss:
    ➖Conductive hearing loss – this is where sounds are unable to pass from the outer ear due to a blockage, build-up of fluid, perforated ear drum or a disorder of the hearing bones such as otosclerosis.
    ➖Sensorineural hearing loss – this is where the sensitive hair cells of the organ of Corti may be damaged or there is damage to the auditory nerve.
30
Q

Signs of hearing loss

A
  • Misunderstanding people
  • Turing the TV or radio up
  • Cannot hear high pitched noises.
  • Asking people to repeat themselves.
  • Difficulties on the telephone.
  • Ringing in the ear or head.
  • Speaking loudly
  • Problems in noisy environments.
31
Q

Edicts of deafness/ hearing loss

A
  • Fewer educational job opportunities due to impaired communication
  • Social withdrawal due to reduced access to services and difficulties communicating with others.
  • Emotional problems caused by a drop in self-esteem and confidence.
  • Cognitive function decline
  • Mental health issues.
32
Q

Hearing loss is connected to:

A
  • Smoking – 70% have higher risk of developing hearing loss.
  • Falling
  • Noise exposure
  • Diabetes – 5x more likely to develop dementia with hearing loss.
  • Depression
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Dementia
  • Kidney disease

Health and social care (6 decks)

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