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Pharmacology > LO4 Revision > Flashcards

LO4 Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Antimicrobial Drugs (4)

A

Amoxycillin
Cephalexin
Oxytetracycline
Interferon

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2
Q

Anti-inflammatorie Drugs (3)

A

Meloxicam
Carprofen
Prednisolone

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3
Q

Vaccines - types

A

Live attenuated vaccines
Killed vaccines

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4
Q

Anti-parasitic drugs (3)

A

Fenbendazole
Praziquantel
Fipronil

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5
Q

Cardiovascular/urinary drugs

A

Benazapril
Pimobendan
Frusemide
Spironolactone

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6
Q

Analgesics/anaesthetics (5)

A

Methadone
buprenorphine
Naloxone
Medetomidine
Atipamezole

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7
Q

Chemotherapeutic agent drugs (3)

A

Vincristine
Cyclophosphamide
Prednisolone

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8
Q

Digestive system drugs (3)

A

Maropitant
Apomorphine
Metoclopramide

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9
Q

AMOXYCILLIN

1) what is it
2) mode of action
3) indications for use

A

1) Antibacterial drug - bacteriocidal only to cells in process of dividing
2) During cell division inhibits synthesis of cell wall, dividing cells fill with fluid and swell, rupture under pressure - killing them
3) Soft tissue infections and Urinary tract infections
cannot cross BBB
used with clavulanic acid to increase effects
NOT SUITABLE FOR SMALL HERBIVORES

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10
Q

CEPHALEXIN

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Antibacterial drug - bacteriocidal only to cells in process of dividing
2) During cell division inhibits synthesis of cell wall, dividing cells fill with fluid and swell, rupture under pressure - killing them
3) Treatment of soft tissue, skin, lung and urinary infections

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11
Q

OXYTETRACYCLINE

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Antibacterial - bacteriostatic drug as does not kill the bacteria but prevents growth, the animals own immune system then eliminates the bacteria
2) absorbed by bacteria and inihibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes thereby preventing multiplication and growth.
3) used to treat soft tissue and respiratory infections
in young anials it can stain enamel of teeth and my hinder fracture repair as chelates calcium

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12
Q

INTERFERON

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Antiviral drug
2) Stops replication of viral cells by destrayoing mRNA and inactivating translation of protiens - inhibots the systheis mechanisms in the infected cell
3) in dogs - used in parvovirus infection
in cats- FLV or FIV
Interferon should be used in conjuction to improve prognosis

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13
Q

MELOXICAM

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) NSAID, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic and has analgesic effects
2) Inhibits the synthesis of the enzymes that result in prostaglandin production. It is most selective to the enzymes responsible for inflammatory prostaglandins whihch reduces inflammation and potential damage to the GI tract and kidneys
3) Analgesic, acute and chronic inflammation - musculo-skeletal disorders, post op pain
liciences for use in dogs, cats and guinea pigs, vastly used off liciense for other pets

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14
Q

CARPROFEN

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) NSAID, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic and has analgesic effects
2) Inhibits the synthesis of the enzymes that result in prostaglandin production. It is most selective to the enzymes responsible for inflammatory prostaglandins whihch reduces inflammation and potential damage to the GI tract and kidneys
3) Analgesia, chronic inflammation and post op pain

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15
Q

PREDNISOLONE

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Glucocorticostertoid Anti-inflammatory drug
2) Absorbed slowly from the gut by passive diffusion and is metabolised slowly in the liver byhydrolysis. Has high affinity for receptors. Used at lowest does possible with close monitoring
3) Severe allergic rections - skin disease, neoplasia, asthma and immune-mediated disease

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16
Q

LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES

1) mode of action
2) advantages and disadvantages

A

1) contains modified live versions of pathogen of slightly different strain to that what causes disease, undergo limited replication in host but not enough to cause disease.

2) ADVANTAGES - exposure to fuller range of viral antigens if given a live vaccine so considered to produce a more robust and long lasting immune response than killed vaccines.
DISADVANTAGES - rare but is small possiblitly that live vaccines may cause some signs of disease in the recipient.

17
Q

KILLED VACCINES

1) mode of action
2) advantages and disagvantages

A

1) chemically inactivated pathoogens which can’t reproduce but can still induce immune response.
contain an adjuvant - enchances the immune response by slowing release of the vaccine and attracting immune cells to the injection site.

2) ADVANTAGES - Safer as the agent cannot replicate and can often be given to pregnant and immunosuppressed animals
DISADVANTAGES - higher doses required to provoke an effective immune response vs a live vaccine
patient may have a reactivion to the adjuvant present in vaccine

18
Q

FENBENDAZOLE

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) broad spectrum anthelmintic

2) binds to nematode (roundworm) tubulin, disrupting formation of organnelles and protiens and prevents energy metabolism - effectively starving to death.

3) commonly used in pregnanat bitches, puppies, kittens and rabbits. available in many forms, liquid, paste and tablets.
kills larvae and adult 9mature) roundworm varieties
effective agains some tapeworm species but not didlypidium canium

19
Q

PRAZIQUANTEL

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Anthelmintic

2) Increase permeablity of the membranes of parasite cells causing paralysis of the worm, dislodging them from their site of action, allowing the body of host organism being able to eliminate it.

3) Combined with different drugs to broaden the spectrum of effect to include roundworm, hookworm, whipwirm and tapeworm.

20
Q

FIPRONIL

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) synthetic insecticide

2) binds to parasite GABA receptors blocking glutamate chloride channels. GABA rceptros inhibit nervous impulses by removing inhibition to the nerve firing in the parasite causing death on contact

3) drug is safe in mammals as glutamate-gated chloride channels are not present
regarded as flea treatment, some effects on ticks and lice

21
Q

BENAZAPRIL

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Cardiovascular/urinary drug - ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors

2) ACE inhibitors are vasodilators - cause veno and arteriodilation causing body to lose salt and water as they stop aldosterone sercretion.
This lowers blood pressure and reduces resistance in the vascular bad (afterload) - easier for heart to pump, protective effect on kidneys.

3) used in management of CHF - chronic heart failure alongside diuretics.
Kidney patients when protinuria is present.

22
Q

PIMOBENDAN

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Cardiovascular present in licinced froms as an injectable or oral tablets/capsules.

2) A positive inotrope which increases the sensitivity of the myocardial myofilamintes to calcium increasing the force of cardiac contraction.
Also a vasodilator due to inhibiting the enzyme which acts on vascular smooth tissue

3) Used in manage,ent of congestive heart failure caused by MVD or DCM.
Combined with diuretics and ACE inhibitors, pimobendan can improve prognosis of some cardiac patients.
It is not licenced for cats

23
Q

FRUSEMIDE

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Most commonly used diuretic, available in injectable or tablet formulations- urinary and cardiovascular drug

2) Loop diuretic - acts on ascending loop of Henle to inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and potassium. As Na and K are not rebasorbed then water does not follow them by osmosis and instead water, sodium and potassium are lost in the urine

3) Used to reduce oedema in cases of CHF or renal failure. Reduces BP in heart failure and manange hyperkalaemia as it encourages potassium loss.
can be given IV in cases of acute pulmonary oedema.
Requires monitoring as excess does can lead to dehydration and electorlyte imbalance.

24
Q

SPIRONOLACTONE

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Mild diuretic often used with frusemide, available in tablet form on its own or combined with benazapril

2) A potassium-sparing diuretic, it antagonises aldosterone, reducing sodium and water retention but does not promote potassium loss. Ie salt and water are lost in urine.

3) Reduces myocardial fibrosis in patients with heart disease.

25
Q

METHADONE

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Mu agonist opiod analgesic

2) absorbed into systemic circulation after oral administration, metabolised by liver

3) Management of moderate to severe pain. pre, peri and post operative period
improves sedation and analgesisa

26
Q

BUPRENORPHINE

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Analgesia

2) Affects Mu resceptors and acts by inhibbing neurotransmtter release by influencing calcium and potassium ion movement.

3) Mild to moderate preopriative pain relief, analgesia and sedation

27
Q

NALOXONE

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Opiod antagonist

2) Competitive antagonist for opiod receptors, reversing effects of opiod agonists

3) Used to reverse effects of opiod overdose, may be included in ‘crash kit’

28
Q

MEDETOMIDINE

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Alpha 2 Agonist

2) Bind to alpha 2 adrenorecetors in the brain and spinal cord - blocking transmission of pain impulses

3) Used for sedation and analgesia
Generally used in young and healthy animals

29
Q

ATIPAMEZOLE

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Alpha-2 adrenorecptor antagonist

2) Occupies the alpha-2 receptor preventing bringing of the drug, ie medetomidine, reversing effects of the analgesic and cardivascular and respiratory effects of alpha- 2 agonists.

3) Reverses the sedative effecrs of medetomidine and other alpha-2 agonists, providing a quick recovery from anaesthesia and sedatio

30
Q

VINCRISTINE

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Vinca alkaloid chemotherapy drug

2) Interferes with microtubule formation & prevents formation of the nuclear spindle leading to cell death

3) Used to treat lymphoma
Is administered IV - can cause injury of infiltrates perivascular tissue

31
Q

CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Chemotherapeutic alkylating agent

2) Metabolites interference with DNA synthesis and function of RNA transcription - causes DNA strands to break and act on all stages of the cell cycle

3) used to treat myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disease, sarcomas including lung and mamary tumours
Owners should handle medication safely

32
Q

PREDNISOLONE

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Chemotheraputic drug

2) Thought to inhibit mitosis and protein synthesis in sensitive lymphocytes

3) Possesses anti-inflammatory effects, have immunosuppressive properties an are used in treatment of lyphoma

33
Q

MAROPITANT

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Licensed anti-emetic

2) Blocks neurotransmitter whihc causes brain to percieve nausea and creates impulse to vomit

3) Used to treat or prevent vomiting
Licensed for both dogs and cats
Administered by injection or in tablet form

34
Q

APOMORPHINE

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Opiod - induces emesis

2) acts centrally to stimulate the vomiting centre in the brain

3) used to induce vomiting, can cause irratition to GI tract
licienced version available for dogs

35
Q

METOCLOPRAMIDE

1) what is it

2) mode of action

3) indications for use

A

1) Centrally acting anti-emetic, also acts as a opimine D2 receptor antagonist

2) Increases muscle contraction in the upper digestive tract, increases rate of stomach emptying into intestines - increases tightness of lower oesophageal spinchter.

3) Enchances peristaltic activity, prevents nausea and vomiting, used to trear?prevent GI stasis in rabbits
Should not be used in epileptic animals

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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