LO4, individualistic theories

Question 1

token economies

Answer 1

• based on the idea that positive reinforcement leads to repitition of desirable behaviour
• inmates earn tokens for desired behaviours which are exchanged for rewards
• not long lasting
• slower return to crime on release
• behaviour improved
• not everyone will care

Question 2

formal policy

Answer 2

• crime control policies
• state punishment policies
• units of alch in blood = punishment

Question 3

informal policy

Answer 3

• encouraging/discouraging certain types of behaviour

- dont drink and drive

Question 4

formal crime control

Answer 4

• drug treatments=antabuse, methadone, stilbestrol

- surgery=castrations, lobotomy

Question 5

informal state punishment adv

Answer 5

• deterrent

- cheaper than keeping in prison

Question 6

informal state punishemnt disad

Answer 6

• morally wrong to take a life

- if new evidence shows too late then its killed an innocent person

Question 7

values

Answer 7

general principles or guidlines for how we should live our lives

Question 8

norms

Answer 8

specific rules or soically accepted standards that govern behaviour in particular situations

Question 9

mores

Answer 9

• morlas or god ways or behaving

- norms that a culture would think of as too serious to break

Question 10

public perception of crime

Answer 10

• drink driving, 1967 road safety act
• campaigns think,break
• smoking, 2014 children and family act
• campaigns, action on smoking and health, ASH

Question 11

cultural changes

Answer 11

• LGBTQ, BEFORE 1960S was seen as criminal, 1967 gay sex legal
• changing values, individualism, equal rights, secularisation
• 1994 equal age of consent
• 2005 civil partnership
• 2014 same sex marriage

Question 12

demographic changes

Answer 12

• immigration (pakistan, west indies) were more accepted by british society
• immigrants faced discrimination in housing and employment etc
• race reltions act 1971, 1965-public race discrimination an offence, 1968- discrimination in housing, etc an offence, 1976-covers direct and indirect discrimination
• cultuarl changes=1960’s decline in prejudice due to people mixing at schools and work places more
• perception of crime=discrimination and race hate are now seen as crime
• equality act 2010 brough together all kinds of discrimination, overseen by equality and human righthts commission

Question 13

campaigns, pressure group

Answer 13

• the campaign= 1997 harrasment law didnt cover stalking
• key parties= PAS, protetion against stalking and napo
• changes in thinking= parlimentary enquiry suggested the police needed to deal stalking more effectively, there was support from 60 MPS
• changes in law= protection of freedoms act 2012 made stalking a criminal offence