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AT 2023 notes > LO3 Target Analysis > Flashcards

LO3 Target Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of damage levels in regards to Target Analysis?

A
  • Disablement
  • Destruction
  • Neutralisation
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2
Q

What are the different types of targets?

A
  • People
  • Vehicles
  • Structures
  • Equipment
  • Aircraft
  • Complex
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3
Q

Types of Armoured vehicles?

A
  • Main Battle Tank (MBT)
  • Light Armoured Vehicle (LAV)
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4
Q

Aircraft in flight can be subdivided into?

A
  • Fast moving aircraft - faster than 300knots
  • Slow moving aircraft - between 200 and 300 knots
  • Helicopters
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5
Q

What are the different equipment found around the battlefield?

A
  • Soft skinned vehicles.
  • Aircraft on the ground.
  • Storage dumps/maintenance areas.
  • Electronic and communication equipment.
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6
Q

Considerations for development and production of weapon systems?

A
  • Simple
  • Easy to make.
  • Easy to inspect.
  • Safe to transport, store and handle.
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7
Q

What are the ways of producing energy to achieve the desired effect in a conventional attack?

A
  • Kinetic Energy (KE)
  • Chemical Energy (CE)
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8
Q

What are the Defensive Aid Suites (DAS) fitted to MBT?

A
  • Sensor package
     Active systems.
     Passive systems.
  • Counter measures.
  • Electro Optic Attack.
  • RF Attack.
  • Decoys.
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9
Q

Examples of high energy ammunition?

A
  • Kinetic - APFSDS
  • Chemical - HEAT, HESH, EFP
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10
Q

What are the basic techniques in the design of warheads?

A
  • Overpressure (Blast).
  • Kinetic energy (bullets or fragmenting warheads).
  • Special kinetic energy (continuous rod).
  • Shaped charges (EFPs).
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11
Q

What is the mathematical equation for the probability of kill?

A

Pk = Ph x Pr x Pl
where Pk - Probability of Kill
Ph - Probability of Hit
Pr - Reliability of weapon
Pl - Lethality of the warhead

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12
Q

REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

What are the types of armor?

A
  • Rolled Homogeneous Armour (RHA)
  • Spaced Homogenous
  • Ply
  • Face hardened
  • Reactive Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA)
  • Composite (Chobham) - mixture of metals, plastic, ceramics and sometimes air
  • Slat (Bar)
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13
Q

What are tank damage assessment criteria?

A
  • M - Mobility kill
  • F - Firepower kill
  • K - Completely destroyed
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14
Q

What are APC and MICV damage assessment criteria?

A
  • F - Firepower kill
  • P - Payload kill
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15
Q

What are the different High Energy Forms Of Attack?

A
  • Kinetic energy
  • Chemical energy
  • Combination of both
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16
Q

What are the reasons for shot failure?

A
  • Barrrelling
  • Shattering
  • Lateral Bending
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17
Q

What is the KE of 120mm APFSDS?

A

1500 m/s

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18
Q

How can the penetration in armor be increased?

A
  • Lengthening of barrel
  • Rocket assisstance
  • Improve steadiness of shot
  • Lengthen the projectile
  • Use of segmented long rod penetrators
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19
Q

REMEMBER THIS QUESTION

What are the factors affecting shape charges?

A
  • Cone Diameter
  • Shape of Liner
  • Liner Material
  • Stand – Off Distance
  • Rate of Spin
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20
Q

why most of the HEAT EO is fin stabilised and not spin stabilised?

A

Becasue rate of spin affects the penetration effect of shape charge

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21
Q

Which EO uses combination of KE and CE?

A

70mm HEISAP (High Explosive Incendiary Semi Armour Peircing)

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22
Q

What is Behind Armour Effects (BAE)?

A

Physical disruptive effects (shaped charge jet)

Psychological and physiological effects against the crew (blast, shock, heat or light)

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23
Q

What are the BAE types?

A
  • Luminescence
  • Spalling (scabbing)
  • Heat / Fires
  • Overpressure
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24
Q

What are the aircraft damage criteria used in defence industry?

A
  • KK - Kill The target suffers immediate and catastrophic disintegration.
  • K - Kill The target is destroyed in less than 10 secs
  • A - Kill The target is destroyed in less than 5 mins.
  • B - Kill The target is defeated in less than 5 hours.
  • C - Kill The target’s mission is not achieved (mission
  • E - Kill The target may complete its mission but needs repair before it can fly again.
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25
Q

what are the other aircraft damage criteria?

A
  • Ft - Flight Kill
  • Ct - Continuance Kill
  • Et - Effectiveness Kill
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26
Q

What are the vulnerable parts of aircraft?

A
  • Structural Attack
     Air frame
     People, the aircrew
  • Structural Attack
     Fuel cells/tanks & lines
     Engines
  • Power transmission systems
  • Flight controls
  • Avionics
  • Bomb load / Pay load
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27
Q

What are different ways to reduce the vulnerability of aircraft?

A
  • Armouring
  • Burying sensitive components
  • Concentrating sensitive components
  • Duplicating components
  • Separating components
  • Self sealing fuel tanks
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28
Q

What are the different types of warheads?

A
  • Blast
     External
     Internal
  • Fragmentation (Inefficient 80% Wasted)
  • Fragmentation plus blast
  • Special kinetic energy
     Discrete rod
     Continuous rod
  • Shaped charges
  • Sub projectiles
  • Cluster
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29
Q

What are the effects of altitude on aircraft attack?

A
  • Density
  • Attenuation
  • Miss Distance
  • Altitude increases/warhead increases
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30
Q

What are the types of damage on personnel?

A
  • Physical:
     Casualties.
     Damage to material.
  • Mental:
     Affects the will to fight.
     Difficult to quantify against a well disciplined enemy.
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31
Q

What are requirements for most efficient attack on personnel?

A
  • High probability of a hit.
  • Rapid transfer of energy.
  • No unnecessary overkill.
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32
Q

What are the different fragment producers?

A
  • Generic HE projectiles.
  • Pre notched containers (e.g. grenades)
  • Pre formed fragments (e.g. mines).
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33
Q

How can the control of fragment size be acheived?

A
  • Case material and its mechanical properties
  • Thickness of the wall
  • Quantity of explosive and its position in relation to the fragmenting case
  • Velocity of detonation of the explosive.
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34
Q

How can the control of fragment velocity be acheived?

A
  • Amount of explosive behind the fragment wall
  • Charge density and velocity of detonation
  • Density of the wall material.
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35
Q

What are the factors affecting performance of frag eo?

A
  • Orientation of projectile to target
  • Height of burst
  • Average area of exposed target
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36
Q

What are complex targets?

A

Targets that have several different elements, generally people in combination with other types of target.

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37
Q

Explain KE and CE in the context of EO?

A
  • KE - Kinetic energy is in a form of a “shot” which dissipates its energy on impact. Does not require a triggering device to control the energy release.
  • CE - Chemical energy is in the form of substance, which has considerable potential energy relative to its mass, which can be released when subduly inititiated.
38
Q

Define Brisance.

A

Shattering effect of an explosive.

39
Q

What is Velocity of Detonation?

A
  • The rate, in metres per second, at which the wave of detonation passes through an explosive substance.
  • Detonation velocities lie in the approximate range of 1500 to 9000 m/s.
40
Q

Definition of explosion

A

An explosion is the violent and rapid decomposition of energetic material to produce energy (heat) and gas which will lead to violent pressure rupturing of any confining structure.

41
Q

List the main targets of FAE.

A
  • Concentrations of AFV and SP Guns
  • Parked aircraft
  • Minefield clearance
  • Ships
  • Bunkers / trenches
  • Concentrations of troops in the open
42
Q

What are the three main phases of
blast?

A
  • Shock front
  • Positive phase
  • Negative phase
43
Q

List the different types of fuel which can be used in FAE?

A
  • Acetylene
  • Butane
  • Ethylene oxide
  • Kerosene
  • Propylene oxide
  • Aluminium
44
Q

What is the Figure of Insensitivity (FoI) of different explosives.

A
  • Figures 20 and below - Highly sensitive (Used mainly as Initiators)
  • Figures 70 to 100 - Intermediaries
  • Figures greater than 100 - Main Charges
45
Q

What is difference between reflection, diffraction and rarefaction?

A
  • Reflection - When the shock wave is reflected back at an angle to the original path.
  • Diffraction - Breaking up or scattering of a wave by an obstacle.
  • Rarefraction - is the low pressure area immediately after a shock wave
46
Q

What is Deflagration?

A

Deflagration (to burn down) - Is a technical term describing SUBSONIC combustion that usually propagates through thermal conductivity (hot burning material heats the next layer of cold material and ignites it).

47
Q

Define Detonation

A

Involves a SUPERSONIC exothermic front accelerating through a medium that drives a shock front propagating directly in front of it.

48
Q

Classification of Explosives?

A
  • Propellants: Gun & Rocket.
  • Pyrotechnics: Smoke grenades, signal flares, etc.
  • High Explosives: TNT, RDX, COMP B, HMX, OCTOL, PBX, etc.
49
Q

2 types of Explosive trains

A

Disruptive (Detonator)
Igniferous (Initiator)

50
Q

What are the requirements of military explosives?

A
  • Performance
  • Stability
  • Consistency
  • Water resistant
  • Thermal behaviour
  • Sensitivity
51
Q

What are the factors affecting VoD?

A
  • Density of the Charge
  • Charge Diameter
  • Degree of Confinement
  • Strength of Detonator
52
Q

What are the two types of discarding sabots?

A
  • Pot
  • Petal
53
Q

What are 3 types of Explosion?

A
  • Physical (Mechanical) - Natural (Volcano), structural (Failure of a pressurised gas cylinder)
  • Chemical - HEAT, HESH, EFP
  • Nuclear
54
Q

What are primary effects of explosion?

A
  • Blast
  • Heat
  • Frag
55
Q

Types of blast pressure

A
  • Dynamic
  • Incident
  • Quasi static
  • Reflected
56
Q

Advantages of FAE

A
  • Larger overpressures at greater distances than HE.
  • Requires little or no oxygen in the molecular structure therefore making a FAE explosion 3 to 5 times hotter than HE.
57
Q

Disadvantages of FAE

A

FAE is dependant on weather conditions.
Strong winds would prevent the development of the optimal shape from the initial burst.

58
Q

How can the explosives be initiated?

A
  • Direct heat/ flame
  • Percussion and stabbing
  • Friction
  • Electrical
  • Shock wave
  • Electromagnetic
  • Laser
  • Chemical reaction
59
Q

In your own words, how does HESH round work?

A

When the rebounding tension wave meets forward moving primary shock waves this exceeds the strength of the plate, and a large scab is detached from the rear surface

60
Q

what is the size of scab from HESH rounds?

A

Depends on calibre of weapon and thickness of armour but generally 1 1/4 to 1 1/2 times its own diameter

61
Q

What is Reverse Impact Detonation (RID)?

A

Detonation occurs before the fuze can produce detonation of the filling, the shock wave will be travelling in the wrong direction

62
Q

What are the secondary effects of HESH?

A
  • Anti–personnel effects from
     Fragmentation
     Shock wave, even if no scabbing occurs
  • Damage to sensitive equipment
63
Q

How to defeat HESH?

A
  • Spaced armour
  • Skirting plates
  • Grooved
  • Reactive armour
64
Q

What are the design problems of HESH?
In simple words, what can go wrong with HESH round?

A
  • Delivery to target to ensure that the HE is in close contact with plate over a wide area at the moment of detonation
  • Shock wave must be travelling towards the plate this means it must be initiated from the rear
  • HE fill must be sufficiently insensitive to withstand impact on plate to prevent Reverse Impact Detonation (RID)
  • Shell wall must be thin to facilitate spread of explosive
65
Q

What are the factors that affect the performance of HESH?

A
  • Calibre
  • Angle of attack
  • Striking velocity
66
Q

Two forms of stabilisation for KE rounds?

A
  • Spin - 7:1 length:diameter ratio for spin
  • Fin - 15:1 length:diameter ratio for fin
67
Q

What are the types of stresses (Shot failure) of KE?

A
  • Barrelling
  • Shattering
  • Lateral bending
68
Q

How does APDS work?

A
  • 2 part projectile
     Sabot -Wide base & low mass internal
     Sub projectile - Small cross-section high mass external
  • Maximises ballistics and hence velocity
  • Burning propellant pushes on base of pot
  • Weak ring shears
  • Petals discards radially
  • MV 1400ms
69
Q

Definition of shape charge.

A

A charge shaped so as to concentrate its explosive force in a particular direction

70
Q

Factors in the design of fragmenting warheads for aircraft.

A
  • Fragment mass
  • Fragment pattern
  • Fragment velocity
71
Q

Factors affecting energy transfer WRT to attack on personnel

A
  • Fragment mass and velocity
  • Fragment Cross sectional area
  • Stability of the fragment
72
Q

Factors affecting the performance of fragmentation in personnel attack

A
  • Distribution of fragmentation - spread along longitudnal axis
  • Orientation of projectile - vertical is best. Move away from vertical and lots of fragmetns are lost in air or ground
  • Height of burst - optimum is 2 - 4 m. Achieved by the fuze attached
  • Average area of presented target - lying, kneeling, protection worn, surrounding terrain
73
Q

Severity of casualty or type of wound depends on

A
  • Actual energy transferred
  • Rate of transfer of energy from projectile to target
  • Tumbling/yawing reduces energy transfer
74
Q

Explain Barreling

A
  • Direct compression failure in the shot material. The shot bellies at about its mid point.
  • Increase in cross sectional area and the shot fails to push through.
  • Improved by putting a hardness gradient along the shot, increasing its compressive strength.
  • The shot is made hardest at its tip and is left reasonably soft at its base.
75
Q

Explain Shattering

A
  • Raising the hardness of shot whilst increasing the strength makes the shot brittle.
  • During impact, several hoop stresses are set up in the nose of the shot.
  • At high striking velocities, the nose can fail under these stresses and longitudnal cracks are formed.
  • The shot is said to “break up”, where the effect is more catastrophic and the shot disintegrates, this is known as “shatter.
76
Q

Define lateral bending in shot failure.

A
  • At high angle of attack, the shot is subject to severe lateral stresses, particularly at the rear end.
  • This can be reduced by toughening the rear part by adding a steel sheath at the rear end of the shot.
77
Q

What are the problems faced with lengthening the projectile for better penetration in KE?

A
  • Stablility at launch and during flight
  • Potential for break up at the target
78
Q

Types of blast pressure and explanation

A
  • Dynamic - Results from the high wind velocity and increased density of air behind the shock front.
  • Incident - The pressure exerted at the right angle to the direction of travel of shock front
  • Quasi static - results when an explosion happens inside a structure.
  • Reflected - Instantaneous build up of pressure when a shock front strikes a rigid surface in its line of travel.
79
Q

For a chemical to be an explosive, it must exhibit all of the following:
HIRE

A
  • Rapid expansion
  • Evolution of heat
  • Rapidity of reaction
  • Initiation of reaction
80
Q

Effects of explosion

A
  • When ordnance functions, the explosive fill is rapidly changed into an expanding mass of hot gases accompanied by heat, light and noise.
  • The effect depends on location:
     Above Ground - Effect caused from blast and fragments.
     Below Ground - Effect caused from ground shock, blast and ejecta (material thrown out).
81
Q

Define blast

A

Violent disruptive effect caused by an explosion. From the explosion there is an evolution of heat and gases and a shock front which emanates from the centre of the explosion.

82
Q

Define mach stem

A
  • Occurs when reflected blast wave coincides with the original wave.
  • Reflected wave is moving faster through the air already driven forward by the blast wave.
  • The two waves combine to increase the pressure.
83
Q

Explain how FAE works.

A
  • Rapidly disseminated by an explosive bursting charge to form a cloud in the air.
  • Fused to provide a delay after the initial burst during which the cloud expands to its optimum size.
  • The fuze initiates or ignites which causes the cloud to burn to detonation.
  • The blast wave formed inside the cloud and proceeds unabated to the edge of the cloud.
  • The overpressure is therefore very high when the wave is an appreciable distance from the point of initiation.
84
Q

Define the term Explosive Train

A

An arrangement used to lead explosive reaction from one place to other.
A sequential arrangement of initiator, intermediary and main charge. e.g. detonator, booster and main fill

85
Q

What are the requirements of propellants?

A
  • Must give regular ballistics.
  • Must not produce excessive flash or smoke.
  • Must not cause undue erosion.
  • Must be relatively easily ignited.
  • Must be stable for storage under Worldwide conditions.
86
Q

Factors influencing Explosions
DDMNQ

A
  • Quality of initiating source.
  • Nature of explosive.
  • Mass of explosive.
  • Unit density of explosive.
  • Degree of confinement.
87
Q

Different ways of initiation of explosives

A
  • Direct heat
  • Friction
  • Shock wave
  • Laser
  • Chemical reaction
  • Electrical
  • Electromagnetic
  • Percussion
88
Q

Requirements for Initiators

A
  • Must detonate / initiate readily by the means in use:
     Percussion, friction or flash.
  • Must not be so sensitive as to endanger the safety of the store concerned.
  • Must be stable.
  • Must be sufficiently powerful to initiate either an intermediary, or the main explosive charge.
89
Q

Requirements for intermediaries

A
  • Must be sufficiently sensitive to respond readily to the impulse delivered from the initiator without being too sensitive for safety in the store concerned.
  • Must pass this impulse in an amplified form to the main filling in order to cause it to detonate / deflagrate.
90
Q

Requirements for main charges/ fill

A
  • Must produce a large amount of both heat and gas.
  • Must have a high velocity of detonation as required.
  • Must not be unduly sensitive to shock.
  • Must be easily loaded to a high density.
  • Must be stable.
91
Q

Why is the Oxygen Balance important?

A
  • When the oxygen balance is neutral then the heat of explosion is optimal.
  • Any deviation from the perfect oxygen balance will lead to a lower heat of explosion
92
Q

What is oxygen balance?

A

The percentage of Weight of Oxygen, positive or negative remaining after an explosion.

AT 2023 notes (9 decks)

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