LO3-4 Endocrine Emergencies

Question 1

Hypothalamus

Answer 1

mediator between nervous system and endocrine system

Question 2

Pituitary gland(base of brain)

Answer 2

master gland- responsible for controlling others

Question 3

Thyroid

Parathyroid:

Answer 3

Thyroid: secretes thyroxine- main metabolic hormone

Parathyroid: regulates calcium

Question 4

Adrenal glands

Answer 4

cortical steroids

Question 5

Medulla

Answer 5

epi and nor epi

Question 6

Pancreas

Answer 6

controls beta and alpha cells

Question 7

Beta cells

Answer 7

releases insulin

Question 8

Alpha cells

Answer 8

release glucagon

Question 9

pathophysiology of Type 1 diabetics (insulin dependant)

Answer 9

Cell takes glucose into cell to create energy but insulin dependent diabetics’ cells don’t let glucose in so it uses fat as energy which is converted to fatty acids

The fatty acids create a lot of ketones as by products

Ketones convert to hydrogen ions, CO2 and heat

This can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 10

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Answer 10

Life threatening

Occurs when certain acids accumulate in the body

DKA occurs when the cells experience famine

Because the cells are lacking glucose to convert to energy they begin to use other sources for energy

The metabolism of fat causes the build up of acids and ketones

The body also experiences a loss of water and electrolytes due to high levels of glucose in the blood

Question 11

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia

Answer 11

Polyuria: Compensating mechanism of too much sugar is to pee it out

Polydipsia: drinking lots of water
Getting dehydrated from so much peeing
Up to 6L of dehydration

Polyphagia: eating excessive amounts of food
Cells don’t get enough sugar trying to eat more

Question 12

Signs and symptoms of DKA

Answer 12

Polyuria

Polydipsia

Polyphagia

Tachycardia: consequence of dehydration trying to get sugar

Kusmals breathing: deep and fast breathing trying to blow of co2

Warm dry skin

Question 13

Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HONK)

Answer 13

BGL greater than 33MMOL/L

A metabolic disorder that occurs primary in type 2 diabetes
‘
Characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity and abscence of ketosis

HONK and DKA tend to overlap and often observed simultaneously

HONK develops secondary in patients with diabetes who have some secondary illness that leads to reduced fluid intake

Question 14

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 14

A metabolic disorder in which the bodys ability to metabolize simple carbohydrates (glucose) is impaired

Question 15

inability to sufficiently metabolize glucose because of

Answer 15

1) The pancreas does not produce enough insulin

2) The cells do not respond to the effects of the insulin

Question 16

Type 1

Answer 16

Common in children

Also know as juvenile diabetes

Most type 1 patients produce too little to no insulin at all

• -Viral response attacks Tcells and beta cells in pancreas
• -Autoimmune disorder

These patients require daily doses of insulin to:

• -Regulate sugar levels
• -Prevent the formation of ketoacids

Diabetic patients will use diet control to assist in management of their condition

Question 17

Signs and symptoms type 1

Answer 17

Sudden weight lost- veryhungy
Frequent urination
Numbness tingling
Blurried vission

Question 18

Type 2

Answer 18

Most common

Adult onset diabetes

Insulin resistance

Typically medications, exercise and diet control are used to manage

Question 19

type 2 signs and symptoms

Answer 19

Fatigue 
Nausea 
Frequent urination 
Thirst 
Unexplained weight loss 
Blurred vision 
Slow healing 
Cranky 
Confused 
Shaky 
Unresponsiveness  
Seizure

Question 20

Hypoglycemia

Answer 20

Low blood sugar
Less than 4.5mmol/l
Usually the result of taking too much insulin or oral diabetic medicine, too little food or both
This causes the cells and brain to be starved of glucose

Question 21

Hypoglycemia signs and symptoms

Answer 21

Tachycardia 
Sweating 
Hunger 
Headache 
Confusion 
Memory loss 
Incoordination 
Dilated pupils 
Slurred speech 
Seizure/coma  
Severe cases may present as a stroke  
Cool and clammy needs some candy

Question 22

Hyperglycemia signs and symptoms

Answer 22

High blood glucose level

Most common presenting feature of diabetes mellitus

Typically the result of excessive food intake, insufficient insulin dosages, infection or illness

If this is left untreated may lead to DKA

Caused by excessive efood intake, insufficient insulin dosages, infection or illness, injury, emotional stress

Hot and dry- sugar is high

Question 23

Treatment

Answer 23

LOC ABC skin
If they are low and can eat let them eat carbs
Unconscious IV D5,10,50
DKA- NEEDS FLUID!!!!!!