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criminology. > lo2 > Flashcards

lo2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sheldon’s somatotypes theory?

A
  • saw criminals as physically different from non-criminals.
  • certain body types are linked to criminal behaviour.
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2
Q

What are the somatotypes sheldon identifies?

A
  • endomorph.
  • ectomorph.
  • mesomorph.
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3
Q

What does sheldon describe endomorphs to be like appearance wise?

A
  • rounded.
  • soft.
  • tending to fat.
  • lacking muscle or tone.
  • wide hips.
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4
Q

What does sheldon describe ectomorphs to be like appearance wise?

A
  • thin.
  • fragile.
  • lacking fat and muscle.
  • flat chested.
  • narrow hips and shoulders.
  • high forehead.
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5
Q

What does sheldon describe mesomorphs to be like appearance wise?

A
  • muscular.
  • hard bodied.
  • little fat.
  • strong limbs.
  • broad shoulders.
  • narrow waist.
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6
Q

What does sheldon describe endomorphs to be like personality wise?

A
  • sociable.
  • relaxed.
  • comfortable.
  • outgoing.
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7
Q

What does sheldon describe ectomorphs to be like personality wise?

A
  • self-conscious.
  • fragile.
  • inward looking.
  • emotionally restrained.
  • thoughtful.
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8
Q

What does sheldon describe mesomorphs to be like personality wise?

A
  • adventurous.
  • sensation-seeking.
  • assertive.
  • domineering.
  • enjoy physical activity.
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9
Q

Which somatotype does sheldon believe is more likely to be a criminal?

A

MESOMORPH
- more likely to be attracted to risk-taking crime involves.
- imposing physique and assertive can be important assets in crime.

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10
Q

What kind of theory is sheldon’s somatotype theory?

A

Psychological.

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11
Q

Who was sigmund freud?

A
  • founding father of psychology.
  • developed a branch of psychology called the psychodynamic approach.
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12
Q

What is the psychodynamic theory?

A
  • see our personality as containing active forces that cause us to act as we do.
  • these forces are powerful urges, feelings and conflicts within the unconscious mind.
  • criminal behaviour is a result of an individual’s failure to resolve these inner conflicts in a socially acceptable way.
  • psychoanalysis.
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13
Q

How are our early childhood experiences related to criminal behaviour according to the psychodynamic theory?

A
  • determines our personality and future behaviour
    ↳ ‘the child is father to the man’.
  • determines whether we will go on to act in anti-social ways.
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14
Q

What was the mary bell case?

A
  • born in glasgow in scotland where she shared a one bedroom house with her mother.
  • she had witnessed work as prostitute where she would engage in violent acts for pleasure with her clients.
  • her mother had attempted to kill her but realised she could earn extra money through prostituting her out.
  • abuse caused her to turn into a killer at 11.
  • strangled, mutilated and killed two young boys aged 4 and 3
    ↳ martin brown and brian howe.
    -she was sentenced to juvenile prison.
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15
Q

What is a case that supports the psychodynamic theory?

A

The mary bell case.

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16
Q

What three elements does sigmund freud believe personality contains?

A
  • the ego.
  • the id.
  • the superego.
17
Q

What is the function of the ego?

A
  • tries to strike a balance between their conflicting demands.
  • pulled in opposite directions between desires (id) and the conscious (superego).
  • behaviour is a result of the struggle between the id and superego.
18
Q

What is the function of the id?

A
  • the unconscious, instinctive, animal part of the mind.
  • contains powerful, selfish, pleasure-seeking needs and drives such as the desire for sex, food and sleep.
19
Q

What is the function of the superego?

A

Contains our conscience or moral rules which we learn through interactions with our parents during early socialisation in the family.

20
Q

What is the ego governed by?

A

The reality principle which learns from experience that in the real world our actions have consequences such as a child learning to say please to obtain what they want.

21
Q

What is the id governed by?

A

The pleasure principle which is the blind desire to satisfy its urges at any cost.

22
Q

What are the consequences of the ego?

A
  • learns that sometimes it may have to repress ratification of the id’s desires.
  • acts in ways to satisfy the id’s desires but that is also morally acceptable to the superego.
23
Q

What are the consequences of the id?

A

If we acted on these urges whenever we felt them they would often lead to antisocial and criminal behaviour.

24
Q

What are the consequences of the superego?

A

If we act or even think of acting contrary to it, it punishes us with feelings of guilt and anxiety.

25
Q

What is an individual with a weakly developed superego?

A
  • someone who is solely focused on their own pleasure could tie in with criminality.
  • someone who is id ridden takes what they want with no remorse/thought for anyone else.
26
Q

What do psychoanalytic theories believe?

A
  • see anti-scoail behaviour as caused by an abnoamrl relationshop with psarents during ealry socialisatin suxh as negect or excesseviely alx or strict oareting.
26
Q

What do psychoanalytic theories believe?

A
  • see anti-social behaviour as caused by an abnormal relationship with parents during early socialisation such as neglect or excessively alx or strict parenting.
    ↳ could result in a weak, over-harsh or deviant superego.
27
Q

What would weakly developed superego cause?

A

An individual will feel less guilt about anti-social actions and less inhibition about acting on the id’s selfish or aggressive urges.

28
Q

What would too harsh and unforgiving superego cause?

A
  • deep-seated guilt feelings in the individual.
  • craves punishment as a release from these feelings.
  • could lead to them engaging in compulsive repeat offending in order to be punished.
29
Q

What does bowlby’s maternal deprivation theory state?

A
  • there’s a link between maternal deprivation and deviant or anti-social behaviour.
  • child needs a close, continuous. relationship with its primary acrer from birth to the age of 5 in order to develop normally.
  • broken mother-child attachment through separation even for a short period of time
    ↳ leaves the child unable to form meaningful relationships emotional with others
    ↳ emotionless psychopathy.
30
Q

What did bowlby study to support hs maternal deprivation theory?

A
  • 4 juvenile thieves who had been referred to a child guidance clinic.
  • 39% of them had suffered from maternal deprivation before the age of 5 compared with only 5% of a control group of non-delinquents.
31
Q

What are the strengths of the psychodynamic theories by freud?

A
  • points to the importance of socialisation and family relationships in understanding criminal behaviour.
  • psychoanalytic explanations have had some influence on policies for dealing with crime and deviance.
32
Q

What are the weaknesses of the psychodynamic theories by freud?

A
  • doubt the existence of an unconscious mind.
  • unscientific and subjective.
  • rely on accepting the psychoanalysts claims that they can see into the workings of the individual’s unconscious mind to discover their inner conflicts and motivations.
33
Q

What are the strengths of the psychodynamic theories by bowlby?

A
  • more of his sample had suffered from maternal deprivation.
  • shows the need to consider the role of parent-child relationships in explaining criminality.
34
Q

What are the weaknesses of the psychodynamic theories by bowlby?

A
  • problematic especially when recalling emotive experiences.
  • what about the 61%.
  • deprivation cannot be the only cause.
  • overestimated how far early childhood experiences have a permanent effect on later behaviour.
  • link between maternal deprivation and criminality is no longer widely accepted.

criminology. (4 decks)

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