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Anotomy > Lo1 > Flashcards

Lo1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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2
Q

Name 4 white blood cell

A

Leucocytes
Lymphocytes - B-cells and T-cells
Neutrophils
Monocytes

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3
Q

What is the aorta

A

Main artery

Carries some-oxygenated blood

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4
Q

What is the pulmonary artery

A

Carried de-oxygenated blood to the lungs

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5
Q

What is the vena cava

A

Largest vein in the body

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6
Q

What is the pulmonary vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

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7
Q

Give the 4 values in the heart

A

Tricuspid
Bicuspid
Aortic valve
Pulmonary

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8
Q

What is the pulmonary circulatory system

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs

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9
Q

What is the systemic circulatory system

A

Oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps to the body

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10
Q

Give the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle

A

Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Complete cardiac diastole

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11
Q

What is the atrial systole

A

Contraction of the right and left ventricle

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12
Q

What is the ventricular systole

A

Contraction of the ventricles

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13
Q

What is the complete cardiac diastole

A

Relaxation of the atria and ventricles

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14
Q

Where is the SA node

A

Upper wall in the right atrium of the heart

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15
Q

What’s the role of the SA node

A

Known as the pace maker and responsible for setting the rhythm
Ensures both the atria contract simultaneously

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16
Q

Where is the AV node

A

Bottom right atrium of the heart

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17
Q

What’s the role of the AV node

A

Responsible for delaying the electrical impulses it received from the SA node allowing time for the blood to empty out the atria into the ventricles

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18
Q

What are purkinji fibres

A

Cardiac muscle that rapidly transmit impulses

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19
Q

What does the P waves in a ECG show

A

Atrial contraction

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20
Q

What do ORS waves in a ECG show

A

Ventricular contraction (systole)

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21
Q

What does T waves in a ECG show

A

Ventricles relaxing (diastole)

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22
Q

What are arteries ?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

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23
Q

What are veins

A

Blood flowing is not under pressure

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs

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24
Q

What are capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessels, exchange material like water, carbon dioxide and oxygen

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25
Q

What does the lymph system contain

A 
Lymph 
Lymph vessels 
Lymph nodes 
Lymph organs 
Bone marrow
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26
Q

What is the role of the lymphatic system

A

Drainage and filtration system
Removed excess fluid from body tissue
Produces white blood cells

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27
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure from the heart contractions that force water and dissolved substances in blood plasma out through the capillaries walls

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28
Q

What’s hypertension

A

High blood pressure

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29
Q

What are caused of hypertension

A 
Age 
Family history 
High salt intake 
Lack of exercise 
Being overweight 
Smoking regularly
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30
Q

What medication can treat hypertension

A

ACE inhibitors- lies the blood pressure

Beta blockers- slows the heart rate

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31
Q

What causes coronary heart disease

A

Build up for fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries around the heart

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32
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outmost layer of the brain

Responsible for thinking, processing sensory information from the brain

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33
Q

Cerebellum

A

Co-ordinates and regulates muscle activity

Maintain balance

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34
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Carry out higher level mental processes such and think and decision making

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35
Q

Corpus callousm

A

Connects the two halves of the brain and enables communication

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36
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Responsible for the mainatice of body temperature

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37
Q

Medulla

A

Carried out and regulates functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate

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38
Q

Meninges

A

Protects from infection surrounds the brain

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39
Q

Larynx

A

Connects the back of the nose and the trachea

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40
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

Muscles found between the ribs

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41
Q

Pleural membranes

A

Cover the outside of the lungs and line the inside of the chest wall

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42
Q

Inspiration

A

Ribcage upwards and outwards
Diaphragm flattens inwards
Increase in volume and decrease in pressure

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43
Q

Expiration

A

Diaphragm into a dome shape

Intercostal muscled pull ribcage inwards and downwards

44
Q

Where does cellular respiration take place

A

Mitochondria

45
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen - co2 + water + 32 ATP

46
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose - pyruvate -lactate

47
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

Hip and shoulder

48
Q

Pivot

A

Neck

49
Q

Hinge

A

Elbow and knee

50
Q

Sliding and gliding

A

Wrist and ankle

51
Q

Fixed

A

Cranium and pelvis

52
Q

Ligaments

A

Attach bone to bone

53
Q

Tendon

A

Attaches muscle to bone

54
Q

Synovial capsule

A

Secrètes synovial fluid and maintain joint stability

55
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Lubricates and nourishes the joints

56
Q

Autonomic system

A

Controls and regulated processes such as heart rate

57
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

All nervous outside the CNS

58
Q

Pancreases

A

Situated near the stomach and produces insulin

59
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Master gland

60
Q

Thyroid

A

Affects growth and sustain metabolism

61
Q

Cortex

A

Outer layer of the kidneys

62
Q

Calyx

A

Urine passes through

63
Q

Ureters

A

Tube that carries urine from kidneys to bladder

64
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

When metabolic waste separated from the blood and urine is formed

65
Q

Deamination

A

Results in the production of ammonia

66
Q

Detoxification

A

Converts ammonia into urea and breaks down alcohol and removing It from the blood

67
Q

Homesostasis

A

Maintenance of constant internal environment

68
Q

What’s mechanical digestion

A

Physically broken down into smaller pieces through your teeth

69
Q

What’s chemical digestion

A

Broken down by enzymes so can be absorbed by blood

70
Q

What is bile

A

Emulsifies fats and neutralises stomach acids

Stored in the gallbladder

71
Q

Adaptions of villi

A

Microvilli to Increase surface area
Large network of capillaires
Lacteal which transport products for fat absorption

72
Q

Assimilation

A

Movement of digested good molecules into cells of the body

73
Q

Biological explanation of asthma

A

Inflammation of the bronchi

74
Q

Causes of asthma

A

Expose to smoking when a child
Triggers such as dust and air pollution
Born prematurely

75
Q

Biological explanation of asthma

A

Airways in lungs become inflamed and narrows, alveoli get permanently damaged

76
Q

Causes of emphysema

A

Smoking

77
Q

Biological explanation for cystic fibrosis

A

Defect on the chromosome 7 gene that control movement of salt and water. Causes a build up of mucas on lungs and digestive system

78
Q

Causes of cystic fibrosis

A

Both parents have a mutated gene due to a ressesive allé

79
Q

How to monitor asthma

A

Spirometry

Peak flow

80
Q

Treatments for asthma

A 
Reliever inhaler (blue ) 
Prevented inhaler (brown )
81
Q

How to diagnose emphysema

A

MRi and CT

82
Q

Monitor emphysema

A

Spirometry

83
Q

Treatment for emphysema

A 
Stopping smoking 
Physio therapy 
Oxygen therapy 
Medication- antibiotics 
Surgery
84
Q

IBS biological explanation

A

Food moves too quickly or too slowly through the digestive system

85
Q

Causes of IBS

A

Linked to a increase sensitivity of the gut

86
Q

How to monitor IBS

A

Ultrasound

Gastroscopy

87
Q

Biological explanation for coeliac disease

A

Autoimmune condition, immune system fights infection and attacks part of the body causing damage to the Villi so nutrients can’t be absorbed

88
Q

Causes of coeliac disease

A

Genetics

89
Q

BiologicL explanation for gallstones

A

High level of cholesterol inside the gall bladder
Unusually high amour of bilirubin

Leads to tiny crystals to form in the bile

90
Q

Causes of gallstones

A

Imbalance in the chemical make up of bile inside the gall bladder

Overweight and older

91
Q

How to monitor gallstones

A

Ultrasound

Cholangraphy- use of dye in bloodstream

92
Q

How to treat gallstones

A

Lithotripsy

93
Q

How to monitor coeliac deases

A

Ultrasound

Gastroscopy

94
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Loss of protein matrix leading to a loss in bone density, leading to them becoming brittle

95
Q

Causes of osteoporosis

A

Ageing
Family history
Eating disorder
Lack of oestrogen

96
Q

How to monitor osteoporosis

A

Dexa scan which measures calcium levels

Blood tests

97
Q

Treatments for osteoporosis

A

Taking calucium and viamin D
Hormone replacement therapy
Physio therapy

98
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Wear and tear of the joints, loss of cartilage leading to bone becoming inflamed

99
Q

Causes of osteoarthritis

A

Wear and tear
Being overweight
After an injury of operation

100
Q

How to treat osteoarthritis

A

Medication - steroids, painkillers
Physio therapy- joint manipulation
Surgery- arthroscopy, arthroplastie (joint replacement)

101
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

Immune system mistakenly attack cells that line the joints, leading to synovial membrane becoming inflamed so scar tissue replaces cartilage and the joints become misshapen and rigid

102
Q

Causes of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Not known but an infection can trigger the condition

103
Q

What is a ischadmic stroke

A

Blood clot

104
Q

Haemorrhaging stroke

A

Blood vessel in skull bursts

105
Q

Causes of strokes

A

High blood pressure

Lifestyle factors

106
Q

Treatment for a stroke

A

Medication- alteplases (dissolves clots)
- warfarin (anticoagulant)

Surgery- surgical stents

Anotomy (1 decks)

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