Lo1 Flashcards
What are the blood cells
Erythrocytes
Name 4 white blood cell
Leucocytes
Lymphocytes - B-cells and T-cells
Neutrophils
Monocytes
What is the aorta
Main artery
Carries some-oxygenated blood
What is the pulmonary artery
Carried de-oxygenated blood to the lungs
What is the vena cava
Largest vein in the body
What is the pulmonary vein
Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
Give the 4 values in the heart
Tricuspid
Bicuspid
Aortic valve
Pulmonary
What is the pulmonary circulatory system
Pumps deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs
What is the systemic circulatory system
Oxygenated blood from lungs and pumps to the body
Give the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle
Atrial systole
Ventricular systole
Complete cardiac diastole
What is the atrial systole
Contraction of the right and left ventricle
What is the ventricular systole
Contraction of the ventricles
What is the complete cardiac diastole
Relaxation of the atria and ventricles
Where is the SA node
Upper wall in the right atrium of the heart
What’s the role of the SA node
Known as the pace maker and responsible for setting the rhythm
Ensures both the atria contract simultaneously
Where is the AV node
Bottom right atrium of the heart
What’s the role of the AV node
Responsible for delaying the electrical impulses it received from the SA node allowing time for the blood to empty out the atria into the ventricles
What are purkinji fibres
Cardiac muscle that rapidly transmit impulses
What does the P waves in a ECG show
Atrial contraction
What do ORS waves in a ECG show
Ventricular contraction (systole)
What does T waves in a ECG show
Ventricles relaxing (diastole)
What are arteries ?
Carry blood away from the heart
What are veins
Blood flowing is not under pressure
Carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs
What are capillaries
Smallest blood vessels, exchange material like water, carbon dioxide and oxygen
What does the lymph system contain
Lymph Lymph vessels Lymph nodes Lymph organs Bone marrow
What is the role of the lymphatic system
Drainage and filtration system
Removed excess fluid from body tissue
Produces white blood cells
What is hydrostatic pressure
Pressure from the heart contractions that force water and dissolved substances in blood plasma out through the capillaries walls
What’s hypertension
High blood pressure
What are caused of hypertension
Age Family history High salt intake Lack of exercise Being overweight Smoking regularly
What medication can treat hypertension
ACE inhibitors- lies the blood pressure
Beta blockers- slows the heart rate
What causes coronary heart disease
Build up for fatty deposits on the walls of the arteries around the heart
Cerebral cortex
Outmost layer of the brain
Responsible for thinking, processing sensory information from the brain
Cerebellum
Co-ordinates and regulates muscle activity
Maintain balance
Frontal lobe
Carry out higher level mental processes such and think and decision making
Corpus callousm
Connects the two halves of the brain and enables communication
Hypothalamus
Responsible for the mainatice of body temperature
Medulla
Carried out and regulates functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate
Meninges
Protects from infection surrounds the brain
Larynx
Connects the back of the nose and the trachea
Intercostal muscles
Muscles found between the ribs
Pleural membranes
Cover the outside of the lungs and line the inside of the chest wall
Inspiration
Ribcage upwards and outwards
Diaphragm flattens inwards
Increase in volume and decrease in pressure
Expiration
Diaphragm into a dome shape
Intercostal muscled pull ribcage inwards and downwards
Where does cellular respiration take place
Mitochondria
Aerobic respiration
Glucose + oxygen - co2 + water + 32 ATP
Anaerobic respiration
Glucose - pyruvate -lactate
Ball and socket joint
Hip and shoulder
Pivot
Neck
Hinge
Elbow and knee
Sliding and gliding
Wrist and ankle
Fixed
Cranium and pelvis
Ligaments
Attach bone to bone
Tendon
Attaches muscle to bone
Synovial capsule
Secrètes synovial fluid and maintain joint stability
Synovial fluid
Lubricates and nourishes the joints
Autonomic system
Controls and regulated processes such as heart rate
Peripheral nervous system
All nervous outside the CNS
Pancreases
Situated near the stomach and produces insulin
Pituitary gland
Master gland
Thyroid
Affects growth and sustain metabolism
Cortex
Outer layer of the kidneys
Calyx
Urine passes through
Ureters
Tube that carries urine from kidneys to bladder
Ultrafiltration
When metabolic waste separated from the blood and urine is formed
Deamination
Results in the production of ammonia
Detoxification
Converts ammonia into urea and breaks down alcohol and removing It from the blood
Homesostasis
Maintenance of constant internal environment
What’s mechanical digestion
Physically broken down into smaller pieces through your teeth
What’s chemical digestion
Broken down by enzymes so can be absorbed by blood
What is bile
Emulsifies fats and neutralises stomach acids
Stored in the gallbladder
Adaptions of villi
Microvilli to Increase surface area
Large network of capillaires
Lacteal which transport products for fat absorption
Assimilation
Movement of digested good molecules into cells of the body
Biological explanation of asthma
Inflammation of the bronchi
Causes of asthma
Expose to smoking when a child
Triggers such as dust and air pollution
Born prematurely
Biological explanation of asthma
Airways in lungs become inflamed and narrows, alveoli get permanently damaged
Causes of emphysema
Smoking
Biological explanation for cystic fibrosis
Defect on the chromosome 7 gene that control movement of salt and water. Causes a build up of mucas on lungs and digestive system
Causes of cystic fibrosis
Both parents have a mutated gene due to a ressesive allé
How to monitor asthma
Spirometry
Peak flow
Treatments for asthma
Reliever inhaler (blue ) Prevented inhaler (brown )
How to diagnose emphysema
MRi and CT
Monitor emphysema
Spirometry
Treatment for emphysema
Stopping smoking Physio therapy Oxygen therapy Medication- antibiotics Surgery
IBS biological explanation
Food moves too quickly or too slowly through the digestive system
Causes of IBS
Linked to a increase sensitivity of the gut
How to monitor IBS
Ultrasound
Gastroscopy
Biological explanation for coeliac disease
Autoimmune condition, immune system fights infection and attacks part of the body causing damage to the Villi so nutrients can’t be absorbed
Causes of coeliac disease
Genetics
BiologicL explanation for gallstones
High level of cholesterol inside the gall bladder
Unusually high amour of bilirubin
Leads to tiny crystals to form in the bile
Causes of gallstones
Imbalance in the chemical make up of bile inside the gall bladder
Overweight and older
How to monitor gallstones
Ultrasound
Cholangraphy- use of dye in bloodstream
How to treat gallstones
Lithotripsy
How to monitor coeliac deases
Ultrasound
Gastroscopy
Osteoporosis
Loss of protein matrix leading to a loss in bone density, leading to them becoming brittle
Causes of osteoporosis
Ageing
Family history
Eating disorder
Lack of oestrogen
How to monitor osteoporosis
Dexa scan which measures calcium levels
Blood tests
Treatments for osteoporosis
Taking calucium and viamin D
Hormone replacement therapy
Physio therapy
Osteoarthritis
Wear and tear of the joints, loss of cartilage leading to bone becoming inflamed
Causes of osteoarthritis
Wear and tear
Being overweight
After an injury of operation
How to treat osteoarthritis
Medication - steroids, painkillers
Physio therapy- joint manipulation
Surgery- arthroscopy, arthroplastie (joint replacement)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Immune system mistakenly attack cells that line the joints, leading to synovial membrane becoming inflamed so scar tissue replaces cartilage and the joints become misshapen and rigid
Causes of rheumatoid arthritis
Not known but an infection can trigger the condition
What is a ischadmic stroke
Blood clot
Haemorrhaging stroke
Blood vessel in skull bursts
Causes of strokes
High blood pressure
Lifestyle factors
Treatment for a stroke
Medication- alteplases (dissolves clots)
- warfarin (anticoagulant)
Surgery- surgical stents
