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micro 187 maddie > LO1 > Flashcards

LO1 Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology is the study of

A

very small or “micro” organisms

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2
Q

The four groups of single-celled
microorganisms include

A

protozoa, bacteria, viruses and fungi

(Note: Yeasts are unicellular; moulds are multicellular)

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3
Q

pathogen

A

A microorganism which causes
disease

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4
Q

Bacterial taxonomy proceeds in the following sequence:

A

Kingdom
Phylum (Division)
Class
Order (ends in –ales)
Family (ends in –aceae)
(Tribe) (ends in –eae)
Genus
Species
Subspecies (biotype, serotype, phagotype)

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5
Q

In the clinical lab, we regularly use the taxonomy schema starting at the

A

Family level

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6
Q

Family

ex:

A

-group of related genera
-The relationship will be based on only one or two characteristics.

e.g., Staphylococcaceae

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7
Q

The term ‘Tribe’ is used with the

A

Gram negative bacilli in the family Enterobacterales. It
helps to group the diverse number of genera in the family into smaller, more closely
related groups

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8
Q

Genus (plural – Genera)

ex

A

The genus is a group of related species. These organisms share more common
characteristics than do the family members.

e.g., Staphylococcus

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9
Q

Species

ex

A

grouping that describes organisms that have, for the most part, identical properties. This is decided after determining a large number of characteristics.

e.g., Staphylococcus aureus

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10
Q

Subspecies

A

terms are used to describe the differences and similarities between strains of the
same species. Because of natural pressure and naturally occurring mutations, isolates
will occur that do not exactly mirror the other isolates

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11
Q

Subspecies:
Biotype or Biovar

A

-differences between organisms based on biochemical and physiological properties

-Biotypes serve a useful function in epidemiology as certain specific biotypes are
commonly associated with disease syndromes

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12
Q

Subspecies:
Serotype or Serovars

A

refer to differences between organisms based on identification of distinctive antigenic properties. For example, two isolates may be identified as Haemophilus influenzae by routine laboratory procedures. When their serotype is determined, it may be found that one is serotype b, the other is serotype a. Serotypes also serve a useful function in epidemiology

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13
Q

Subspecies:
Phagotype or Phage typing

A

These terms refer to differences between organisms based on susceptibility to
specific bacterial viruses (phages).

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14
Q

Binomial System of Nomenclature

A

In the clinical microbiology lab
-utilizes the genus and species name

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15
Q

Binomial System of Nomenclature
Rules:

A

-the family and genus always capitalized
-species never capitalized
-genus and species together and italicized or underlined
-species name first then genus
-genus can be abbreviated by 1 letter and dot
-if talking about just genus you can say the name and then sp. or spp. for multiple

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16
Q

7 criteria used to identify bacteria

A
  1. morphology
  2. physiological characteristics
  3. numerical taxonomy
  4. serology
  5. gas liquid chromatography
  6. DNA homology studies
  7. Mass spectrometry
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17
Q

morphology , macroscopic and microscopically

A

macro: charach of micobial growth, how it looks on a plate
micro: size and shape

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18
Q

physiological charach

A

environmental requirements, nutritional requirements and biochemical and enzymatic properties of organisms

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19
Q

numerical taxonomy

A

large number of biochemical tests with results that are interpreted as either positive or negative

how closely this unknown profile matches to the others

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20
Q

serology

A

identify specific antigens, which are molecules that are capable of stimulating an immune response

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21
Q

gas liquid chromatography

A

identification of bacterial metabolites

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22
Q

DNA homology

A

Organisms are classified by the number of genes they
have in common

same species are most similar

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23
Q

mass spec

A

-ionization and size

Identifies organisms based on ionization of the sample and separation of the different
mass particles after charging to create a spectrum that can be compared to a databank.

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24
Q

terms for colors

A
  • White
  • Grey
  • Grey-white
  • Gold
  • Yellow
  • Pigmented (colour)
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25
Q

terms for hemolysis

A
  • Alpha (α)
  • Beta (β)
  • Gamma (γ) or Non-hemolytic (NH)
    Note: Only described from blood agar plates
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26
Q

terms for size

A
  • Pinpoint (<1 mm)
  • Small (1-2 mm)
  • Medium (3-4 mm)
  • Large (5 mm)
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27
Q

terms for surface

A
  • Smooth
  • Rough
  • Dull
  • Glistening
  • Shiny
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28
Q

opacity terms

A
  • Opaque
  • Translucent
  • Transparent
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29
Q

shape terms

A
  • Swarming
  • Spreading/spready
  • Irregular
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30
Q

consistency terms

A

-mucoid
-dry

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31
Q

elevation terms

A

-convex
-flat

32
Q

more cellular morh terms on pdf 15 can review later

A
33
Q

Bacterium

A

simplest living form that contains all the mechanisms
necessary for growth and self-replication. Bacteria have the ability to take compounds from their
environment and utilize those compounds to produce energy within the cell

34
Q

are bacteria prok and euk and why

A

prok bc they dont got organelles

35
Q

structure of bacteria PDF 16 review

A
36
Q

cell membrane

A

sep cyto from cell wall
has lipoproteins
regulates osmotic pressure
allows passage of nutrients
transports waste products
enzyme systems

37
Q

cell wall

also called murein and proteoglycan layer

A

-gives cell rigidity
-makes sure rupture is avoided
-gives shape
-has peptidoglycans

gram positive will have thicker layer of peptidoglycan, and has teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acids

gram neg just has peptidoglycan and proteins: lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids

38
Q

cytoplasm

A

watery mixture with granules, ribosomes, and enzymes

39
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

40
Q

cytoplasmic inclusion granules

A

reserve organic subs: nitrogen and sulfur

41
Q

Nuclear area

A

-not bound by membrane
-single chromosome tightly coiled 1mm
-also some plasmids separate that replicate sep: they carry info that helps them be resistant to antimicrobials, not found in evert cell

42
Q

what are 4 components found in each cell

A

CW, CM, Cytoplasm and nuclear area

43
Q

capsules

purpose

virulence

made of

A

slime layer produced by some bacteria that completely surrounds the cell

provides resistance to phagocytosis for the cell

increases virulence

made of polysaccharides or
polypeptides

44
Q

Fimbriae (Pili)

found where and in which organisms

purpose

the 2 types

A
  • Gram negative organisms
    -protein projections that aid in attachment to surfaces
  • adherence pili are believed to play a role in
    adherence of the bacterial cell to other surfaces
  • sex pili are specialized for bacterial conjugation and gene exchange
45
Q

spores and end0spores

A

spore is very resistant to drying, heat, chemicals, and adverse temperatures

metabolically inactive but can germinate

large enough to see under microscope

46
Q

flagellum

A

-filamentous appendage that is the means of locomotion for the cell/ spin like a propeller

-energy through hydrogen ion gradient across the cell membrane

-allows them to move in search of nutrients and away from noxious environments

-in terms of bacteria will ask which are motile and not

47
Q

chemical elements that make up the bacterial cell are 4

A

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen

48
Q

From these elements 4 up and their compounds, bacteria synthesize their

A

nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and enzymes

49
Q

6 factors that have effect on bacteria

A
  1. Organic Growth Factors
  2. Inorganic Growth Factors
  3. moisture
  4. pH
  5. Temperature
  6. atmosphere
50
Q

organic growth factors

extraneous sources of 3

A
  • Nitrogen (from proteins)
  • Carbon (carbohydrates or organic acids)
  • Vitamins (act as co-enzymes in bacterial metabolism)
    for those that cannot synthesize their own vitamins
51
Q
  1. Inorganic Growth Factors
    -cell metabolism
A
  • Potassium - catalyst in enzyme systems.
  • Iron - found in respiratory systems.
  • Sulfur -necessary for some co-enzymes.
  • Phosphorus -for the production of ATP and nucleic acids.
52
Q
  1. moisture, supplied by

bacteria that affect humans require an x environment

A

since most bac is made of water

  • A moist atmosphere in the incubator
  • Culture media

-isotonic environment, the same as human
blood. They will burst or lyse in a hypotonic solution and shrink or crenate in a
hypertonic solution

53
Q
  1. pH
A

neutral pH (pH of 6.5 to 7.5)

54
Q
  1. Temperature

3 types and which affect the humans most

A

1) *Mesophiles – bacteria that grow optimally at moderate temperatures (20-40ºC).
2) Psychrophiles – bacteria that grow optimally at cold temperatures (10-19ºC).
3) Thermophiles – bacteria that grow optimally at high temperatures (50-60ºC).

55
Q
  1. atmospheres 4 types
A

-aerobic
-anaerobic
-microaerophilic
-capnophilic

56
Q

Aerobic
gas content

A

21% O2
< 1% CO2
Balance of N2

-obligate/strict aerobe must grow in the presence of O2 because it requires
oxygen as its terminal electron acceptor during growth

57
Q

anaerobic

gas and restrictions

A

0% O2
5-10% H2
5-10% CO2
80-90% N2

Obligate/strict anaerobes will not grow in an atmosphere containing more than
0.5% O2. The majority of anaerobes will tolerate an atmosphere containing up to 3%
O2.

58
Q

Microaerophilic

A

5-10% O2
8-10% CO2
Balance of N2

organisms grow best in an atmosphere of reduced oxygen tension.
These organisms will not grow aerobically or anaerobically

59
Q

Capnophilic

A

~15% O2
5-10% CO2
Balance of N2

grow best in an CO2–rich environment. These organisms show minimal growth aerobically or anaerobically.

60
Q

Facultative organisms

A

Facultative organisms are bacteria that can grow in the presence or absence of
free O2

61
Q

name of bacteria metabolic pathways to generate this energy

A

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP)

62
Q

heterotrophs

A

the bacteria we look at which require complex subs to grow, take energy from preformed organic subs

such as polysaccharides, fats and proteins

they will use this aerobically through respiration or oxidation
anaerobically (referred to as fermentation)

63
Q

X is defined as a disease-causing organism. The etiology or cause of the disease is the
organism.

A

pathogen

64
Q

To cause a disease or an infection, an organism must

A

attach
invade
survive the inflammatory and immune systems

65
Q

X degree of pathogenicity

A

virulence factors

66
Q

X degree of pathogenicity

A

virulence factors

67
Q

4 types of vir fac

A

enzymes
kill WBC, RBC
capsules

68
Q

X antigenic products of bacterial metabolism

A

toxins

69
Q

Exotoxins

A

-produced by Gram positive and some Gram negative organisms

-excreted by the bacteria, and moves through the host, causing symptoms at a site distant from the source of infection

70
Q

endotoxins

A
  • Gram negative organisms only
    -heat stable, cannot be converted to toxoids
  • part of the cell wall and is released when the cell lyses
    -rapid
71
Q

enterotoxins

A

-produced in the intestinal tract
-alters the metabolic activities of the intestinal cell directly, causing acute diarrhea

72
Q

enterotoxins

A

-produced in the intestinal tract
-alters the metabolic activities of the intestinal cell directly, causing acute diarrhea

73
Q

neurotoxins

A

-paralysis in the central nervous system

74
Q

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

target nucleic acid amplification method

75
Q

Genotype

A

genes and nucleic acid

76
Q

phenotype

A

observable simi

may require procedures

77
Q

plasmids

A

are small circular pieces of DNA that replicate
separately from the bacterial chromosome. They often
carry the genetic information responsible for
antimicrobial resistance.

micro 187 maddie (10 decks)

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