LO1 Flashcards

Question

terms for hemolysis

Answer 1

* Alpha (α) * Beta (β) * Gamma (γ) or Non-hemolytic (NH) Note: Only described from blood agar plates

Answer 2

* Pinpoint (<1 mm) * Small (1-2 mm) * Medium (3-4 mm) * Large (5 mm)

Answer 3

* Smooth * Rough * Dull * Glistening * Shiny

Answer 4

* Opaque * Translucent * Transparent

Answer 5

* Swarming * Spreading/spready * Irregular

Answer 6

-mucoid -dry

Answer 7

-convex -flat

Answer 8

simplest living form that contains all the mechanisms necessary for growth and self-replication. Bacteria have the ability to take compounds from their environment and utilize those compounds to produce energy within the cell

Answer 9

prok bc they dont got organelles

Answer 10

sep cyto from cell wall has lipoproteins regulates osmotic pressure allows passage of nutrients transports waste products enzyme systems

Answer 11

-gives cell rigidity -makes sure rupture is avoided -gives shape -has peptidoglycans gram positive will have thicker layer of peptidoglycan, and has teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acids gram neg just has peptidoglycan and proteins: lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids

Answer 12

watery mixture with granules, ribosomes, and enzymes

Answer 13

site of protein synthesis

Answer 14

reserve organic subs: nitrogen and sulfur

Answer 15

-not bound by membrane -single chromosome tightly coiled 1mm -also some plasmids separate that replicate sep: they carry info that helps them be resistant to antimicrobials, not found in evert cell

Answer 16

CW, CM, Cytoplasm and nuclear area

Answer 17

slime layer produced by some bacteria that completely surrounds the cell provides resistance to phagocytosis for the cell increases virulence made of polysaccharides or polypeptides

Answer 18

- Gram negative organisms -protein projections that aid in attachment to surfaces - adherence pili are believed to play a role in adherence of the bacterial cell to other surfaces - sex pili are specialized for bacterial conjugation and gene exchange

Answer 19

spore is very resistant to drying, heat, chemicals, and adverse temperatures metabolically inactive but can germinate large enough to see under microscope

Answer 20

-filamentous appendage that is the means of locomotion for the cell/ spin like a propeller -energy through hydrogen ion gradient across the cell membrane -allows them to move in search of nutrients and away from noxious environments -in terms of bacteria will ask which are motile and not

Answer 21

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen

Answer 22

nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and enzymes

Answer 23

1. Organic Growth Factors 2. Inorganic Growth Factors 3. moisture 4. pH 5. Temperature 6. atmosphere

Answer 24

- Nitrogen (from proteins) - Carbon (carbohydrates or organic acids) - Vitamins (act as co-enzymes in bacterial metabolism) for those that cannot synthesize their own vitamins

Answer 25

- Potassium - catalyst in enzyme systems. - Iron - found in respiratory systems. - Sulfur -necessary for some co-enzymes. - Phosphorus -for the production of ATP and nucleic acids.

Answer 26

since most bac is made of water - A moist atmosphere in the incubator - Culture media -isotonic environment, the same as human blood. They will burst or lyse in a hypotonic solution and shrink or crenate in a hypertonic solution

Answer 27

neutral pH (pH of 6.5 to 7.5)

Answer 28

1) *Mesophiles – bacteria that grow optimally at moderate temperatures (20-40ºC). 2) Psychrophiles – bacteria that grow optimally at cold temperatures (10-19ºC). 3) Thermophiles – bacteria that grow optimally at high temperatures (50-60ºC).

Answer 29

-aerobic -anaerobic -microaerophilic -capnophilic

Answer 30

21% O2 < 1% CO2 Balance of N2 -obligate/strict aerobe must grow in the presence of O2 because it requires oxygen as its terminal electron acceptor during growth

Answer 31

0% O2 5-10% H2 5-10% CO2 80-90% N2 Obligate/strict anaerobes will not grow in an atmosphere containing more than 0.5% O2. The majority of anaerobes will tolerate an atmosphere containing up to 3% O2.

Answer 32

5-10% O2 8-10% CO2 Balance of N2 organisms grow best in an atmosphere of reduced oxygen tension. These organisms will not grow aerobically or anaerobically

Answer 33

~15% O2 5-10% CO2 Balance of N2 grow best in an CO2–rich environment. These organisms show minimal growth aerobically or anaerobically.

Answer 34

Facultative organisms are bacteria that can grow in the presence or absence of free O2

Answer 35

Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP)

Answer 36

the bacteria we look at which require complex subs to grow, take energy from preformed organic subs such as polysaccharides, fats and proteins they will use this aerobically through respiration or oxidation anaerobically (referred to as fermentation)

Answer 37

attach invade survive the inflammatory and immune systems

Answer 38

virulence factors

Answer 39

virulence factors

Answer 40

enzymes kill WBC, RBC capsules

Answer 41

-produced by Gram positive and some Gram negative organisms -excreted by the bacteria, and moves through the host, causing symptoms at a site distant from the source of infection

Answer 42

- Gram negative organisms only -heat stable, cannot be converted to toxoids - part of the cell wall and is released when the cell lyses -rapid

Answer 43

-produced in the intestinal tract -alters the metabolic activities of the intestinal cell directly, causing acute diarrhea

Answer 44

-produced in the intestinal tract -alters the metabolic activities of the intestinal cell directly, causing acute diarrhea

Answer 45

-paralysis in the central nervous system

Answer 46

target nucleic acid amplification method

Answer 47

genes and nucleic acid

Answer 48

observable simi may require procedures

Answer 49

are small circular pieces of DNA that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome. They often carry the genetic information responsible for antimicrobial resistance.