LO Muscle Physiology Flashcards
What are the different types of muscles
Striated Muscles -cardiac and skeletal (movement/posture/respiration) and smooth muscles (viscera, blood vessels) .
How are skeletal muscles organized?
muscle, fascicle, muscle fibres, myofibrils.
epimysium over whole muscle
perimysium surrounds fascicles
endomysium surrounds muscle fibers
Tendinous junction w finger like extentions conect tendon to myofiber.
How are myofibers and myofibirls organized within the muscle fiber?
myofibres long, cylindrical and have nuclei
multinucleated
myofibrils are separated by mitochondria and SR, composed of myofilaments.
What is the SR, t-tubule and triad juntion?
SR: smooth ER forms network of tubules, surrounds individual myofibrils, forms terminal cisternae on either side of T-tubules, stores CA+ at rest, releases ca when activated
T-tubues: have AP travel down them in skeletal and cardiac muscle. deep invaginations of sarcolemma,
Triad junction: 1 ttubule and 2 terminal cisternae. tubule has dihydropyridine receptors (voltage gated) and terminal cisternae of SR have ryanodine receptors (allow ca release). these touch and release calcium.
= has calsequestrin that concentrates calcium
= has atpase that pumps calcium back into SR.
What are contractile units of a muscle?
sarcomeres. two z disks. every sarcomere has 2 myofilaments, thin and thick.
What are contractile units composed of?
Thick myofilament (tail and head-where atpase and binds to actin). make myosin myofilament
Thin actin: made of globular actin, polymerize to form a strand, protein and troponin complex.
tropT: toypomyosin
trop C: calcium
TropI binds atin
At low Ca+, myosin head is blocked by tropomyosin
Ca+ unmasks tropomyosin and myosin head can bind.
Sequence of events leading to a muscle contraction
myosin head binds actin (adp and p) then it strokes, releasing ADP and P, then it gains ATP cross-bridge detaches, then it hydrolyzes and the head cocks
What is the sliding filament model of contraction?
actin and myosin filaments overlap, slide along them and shorten the sarcomere. actin is not actually getting shorter. myosin myofilaments dont move.
What is the basal lamina?
sits under endomysium, has glycoproteins and collagen.
it goes plasma membrane, basal lamina, then endomysium.
Basal lamina binds the myofibre via the dytroglcan-containing complex. Bridges it to the cell.
What is a motor unit?
a motor neuron and the muscles it innervates
What is a motor end plate?
domain of sarcolemma that initates AP that goes along the myofiber causing contraction. Highly exitable.
What is a nmj?
junctional folds only seen in NMJ, active zones filled with a transmitter.
basal lamina is present
what is exitation/contraction coupling? for skeletal
release ach into cleft, post synaptic membrane has ach nicotinic receptors at the crests of the folds. Sodium gated end plate AP, travels down sarcolema then down ttubules.
depolarization, AP, calcium increases from 100nm-1um, production of force, ca returns to normal, cell relaxes. 10-90ms
what is summation and tetanus?
twitches summate from multiple reccurent APs
tetanus is like getting cramps cause it gets tired, fatigue
what are some clinical applications?
botox: inhibits ach at the axon terminal.
DMD(1/3500) and BMD(1/18000): mutations on the dystrophin gene of th e x chromosome. wasting of muscles and mental retardation.
curved spine, waddling walk, tip toes
enlarged calfs (psuedohypertrophy)
loss of ability to write over time, breathing difficulties, heart failure or pneumonia is how you die.
inherited from a carrier mother: recessive gene.
the gene causes a problem with dystrophin complex which makes it a target for degradation.
- c terminal binds beta diystroglycan
- end terminal binds to actin cytoskeleton
over time injuries with contraction
DMD: total dysfunction
BMD: partial dysfunction
Dystorphin mouse?
silly mouse walks differently
therapeutitic strategies for DMD
cell therapy: myoblast or stem cell transplant
pharmacological approach: reduce inflammation
gene therapy: deliver DNA encoding dystrophin and skip exons
Characteristics of cardiac muscle?
- myocardium
- involuntary
- rhythmic
- short and branched cardiomyocytes
- connected via dics
- ONE NUCELUs per fiber (unlike skeletal which have multiple)
- joined by intercalated disks
junctions at intercalated disk?
Transverse (perpenticular)
- zonula adherens (anchor actin of terminal sarcomeres to plasma membrane
- desmosomes: bind fibres together to prevent separation during contraction
Lateral (parallel)
- gap junctions
Cardiac Action Potential? Main differences?
can’t store calcium so it comes from extracellular fluid in ttubules, and it is a diad not a triad.
Ap takesa bout 150 ms. action potential then calcium then force.
ap travels down t tubueles, ca entry from lumen through dihydropyridine receptors for CICR into SR which leads to more calcium release which unmasks myosin binding sites forms cross bridge, power stroke and contraction. requires atp.
CICR?
lumen full of calcium, dihydropyridine calcium voltage gated. AP lets calcium out. this triggers ryanodine receptors to release calcium.
- has SERCA atpase ca pump
- has na/ca2+ exchanger on ttubule.
- has calsequestrin in SR>
Types and characteristics of smooth muscles
- gastro, repiratory, blood vessels, involutary, nonstriated, one central nucleus, NO TTUBULES, communicate via gap junction. corkscrew contracted in a mesh
tunica media: thicker in arteries, make up of smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue, control vessel diameter.
intestine: longitudinal: outermost, run parallel, move food down
circular: innermost, constrict so that food doesn’t go up
(like a worm, peristalsis)
oblique layer IN STOMACH: another one that works with circular and longitudinal to move food down the line
contractile apparatus in smooth muscle
myosin and actin filaments attached to dense bodies in sarcoplasm or plasma membrane plaques
stretch across the cell
thin filaments
some attached to dense bodies in cytoplasm
some atttach to dense plaques of the plasma membrane
electromechanical coupling
requires depolarization for CICr
- has serca and ca2+ pump for extracellular thing.
