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Last minute questionssss > LM1 > Flashcards

LM1 Flashcards

1
Q

What roles does the cholinergic neurons have in the slep cycle?

A

Act as a waking mechanism.

Active during REM and waking but not non-REM sleep.

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2
Q

What role do the locus coeruleus cells have?

A

Release neuroepinephrine to wake the body.

Not active during REM.

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3
Q

What role does the pontine raphe nuclei have?

A

REleases serotonin and acts to wake the body.

Not active during REM.

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4
Q

What role do the histaminergic neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus (In the posterior hypothalamus) have?

A

These are selectively active in the awake state to keep the body awake.

Antihistamine drugs can cause sleepyness by blocking these neurons.

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5
Q

What role do neurons in the lateral hypothalamus that release orexin (hypocretin) have on the body?

A

These guys promote wakefullness via excitation of the monoaminergic neurons in the locus coreolus and the pontine raphe nuclei.

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6
Q

What do the neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus do?

A

These inhibit the cholinergic, pontine raphe nuclei, and the locus coreolus nuclei to aid in non-REM sleep.

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7
Q

What is cataplexy?

A

A form of narcolepsy in which there is an abrupt collapse following an emotional initiation.

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8
Q

What is likely the cause of narcolepsy?

A

Loss of the orexin (hypocretin) producing cells found in the lateral hypothalamus.

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9
Q

What are the hallmarks of Grand mal seizures?

A

Patient loses consciousness as well as muscle control with 3 periods:
Tonic: Increased muscle tone
Clonic: Jerky movements
Postictal state: Period of confusion

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10
Q

3 per scond spike and dome is typically most related to what?

A

Petit mal epilepsy (absence seizures)

Muscle tone rarely ever lost with no postical state.

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11
Q

What causes neglect syndrome?

A

Lesion to the posterior parietal lobe in the non dominant (right) hemisphere.

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12
Q

What is representational neglect?

A

Neglect of one half of a remembered image.

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13
Q

Astereognosis can be due to a lesion where?

A

the somatosensory cortices of the parietal lobe.

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14
Q

The planum temporal is larger in the …. hemisphere in most humans.

A

Typically larger in the left hemisphere.

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15
Q

What other two areas are commonly damaged in brocas area?

A

The insula and parts of the basal ganglia.

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16
Q

What is conduction aphasia?

A

Loss of the itnerconnection between brocas and wernickes areas.
Leads to alot of paraphasias in speech and the ability to repeat what is heard is lost.

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17
Q

What is alexia
Agraphia
Aprosodia?

A

Inability to read
Inability to write
Inability to express emotion when speaking.

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18
Q

What occurs if there is a lesion to the dorsolateral prefrontal area?

A

Trouble with executive functions such as planning, choosing goals, monitoring the execution of a plan.

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19
Q

What is seen in behavior in patients with orbitofrontal lesions?

A

Patients have disinhibition, they ignore social conventions and are impulsive with no concern for consequences.

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20
Q

What behavior change is seen in those with medial/frontal/anterior cingulate area lesions?

A

Aathy and slowing of conition.

Can cause abulia or kinetic mutism.

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21
Q

What is abulia?

A

Loss or impairment of ability to perform voluntary actions.

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22
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

Age related hearing loss!

Can be related to gene variant for metabotropic glutamate receptor.

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23
Q

What is the resonance frequency of the external auditory mediatus?

A

3500

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24
Q

Where is impedence lowest/highest in the ear?

A

Lowest impedence in outer ear with the highest impedence in the inner ear.

Impedence = resistance to movement.

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25
Q

Middle ear muscle attenuation reflex mostly carried out by which muscle?

A

Stapedius innervated by CN 7.

Attenuation most pernounced at about 1 kHz to aid with understanding language in loud areas.

26
Q

Where is endolymph found?

A

Cochlear duct.

High potassium levels.

27
Q

Where is perilymph found?

A

Within the scala vestibuli, scala tympani and surrounding lower part of hair cells.

Contains high Na and low K+

28
Q

What role does the conexin gene on chromosome 26 have in ashekensi jews?

A

Plays a role in certain connexin genes that can lead to deafness.

29
Q

A shwanoma of the ear is likely to cause what sort of deafness?

A

Sensorineural deafness.

Can be brought on by ototoxic drugs (Aminoglycoside antibiotics)

30
Q

What causes central hearing loss?

A

Lesions to central auditory nuclei and pathways.

sometimes called retrocochlear lesions.

31
Q

In the unaccommodated eye, the suspensory ligamanets…..

A

Flattenin the lens with the ciliary muscles relaxed.

Eye is focused for far vision.

32
Q

In the accommodated eye, the ciliary muscle….

A

Contracts in response to parasympathetics.

The suspensory ligaments decrease tension.

Lens is thickened for closer eye focus.

33
Q

What is scotopic vision?

A

Vision related to the rods

34
Q

What is phototopic vision?

A

Vision related to the cones

35
Q

Do action potentials occur within the retina?

A

No, just graded potentials and synaptic potentials.

Only ganlgion cells of the eyes (the output of the eyes) poduce action potentials.

36
Q

Where do most of the ganglion cells from the eye terminate?

Where does the signal travel to after that point?

A

The lateral geniculate of the thalamus.

The signal will then travel to the striate cortex.

37
Q

What function does the pretectal nucleus have?

A

Mediates pupillary light reflexes.

38
Q

What would cause bitemporal hemianopia?

A

Damage to the central part of the optic chiasma.

39
Q

What would cause homonymous hemianopsia?

A

Contralateral optic tract damage.

40
Q

What would cause superior quadrant anopsia?

A

Contralateral to lesion of meyers loop.

41
Q

Where do eye signals travel to after reaching the striate cortex?

A

Dorsal stream: Motion and position of visual scenes (direction and speed)

Ventral stream: Shape, color, and texture. responds to faces and objects.

42
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

Difficulty recognizing faces

Think lesion of ventral stream from striate cortex.

43
Q

What is cerebral akinetopsia?

A

Unable to see motion

Think lesion do dorsal stream from straite cortex.

44
Q

Shortwave color?
Middle wave color?
Long wave color?

A

Blue
Green
Red

45
Q

What chromosome are genes for red and green cones on?

A

Chromosome X

46
Q

What chromosome is blue cone pigment located on?

A

Chromosome 7

47
Q

What chromosome is Rhodopsin gene found on

A

Chromosome 3

48
Q

What is ambylopia?

A

Brain learns to ignore and supress a weak eye.

Treat with eyepatch.

49
Q

How are signals about salt and sour tastes brought to attention?

A

Do not have secific receptors but instead act through ion channels.

50
Q

How are signals about sweetness and unami brought to attention?

A

Secondary messenger systems open up Transient receptor potentials (TRP)

51
Q

How is the bitter taste brought to attention?

A

Involves special G-Protein Gustducin which then activates TRP channels.

52
Q

What type of nerve cell serves as the olfactory receptor neuron?

A

Bipolar nerve cell.

Consistently regenerated.

53
Q

What happens in patients with lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Patients with lesion to th orbitofrontal cortex are unable to differentiate odors.

This cortex receives information from the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus (which is receiving information from olfactory projections)

54
Q

What role does the olfactory system play when reporting to the lymbic system?

A

The lymbic system decides whether the odor is pleasant or unpleasant.

55
Q

What is parosmia?

A

An abnormal or perverted sense of smell.

56
Q

What is propagnosia

A

Inability to recognize faces typically due to a cortical lesion

57
Q

What type of cell do taste cells comes from?

A

Basal epithelial cells!

Replace taste cells every 10 days - 2 weeks

58
Q

How often do smell neurons regenerate?

A

THESE ARE NEURONS and are repaired!

Taste sensors are not neuons.

59
Q

Which part of the amygdala receives most of the inputs?

A

The basolateral portion

60
Q

Which part of the brain can observe and responds to facial expressions?

A

Amygdala

Last minute questionssss (2 decks)

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