llect 4 ppt

Question 1

What are the main arteries involved in typical coronary circulation?

Answer 1

LCA, RCA, Circumflex Artery, PDA, LAD

LCA: Left Coronary Artery, RCA: Right Coronary Artery, PDA: Posterior Descending Artery, LAD: Left Anterior Descending.

Question 2

List the types of heart valve abnormalities.

Answer 2

• Aortic Stenosis
• Aortic Insufficiency
• Mitral Stenosis
• Mitral Insufficiency

These conditions affect normal heart valve function.

Question 3

What does reduced ventricular compliance indicate?

Answer 3

Higher CVP requirement, altered stroke volume, changes in ventricular wall behavior

CVP: Central Venous Pressure.

Question 4

What are the key characteristics of a myocardial infarct?

Answer 4

• Dead Tissue
• Scar Tissue
• Cardiac Cycle changes

Myocardial infarction leads to significant alterations in heart structure and function.

Question 5

What is the normal cardiac output in a healthy adult?

Answer 5

~5 L/min

This value can vary based on individual health and physical condition.

Question 6

Fill in the blank: Fetal circulation includes the _______.

Answer 6

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

This structure connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta in fetal circulation.

Question 7

What are the main classifications of shock?

Answer 7

• Cardiogenic Shock
• Neurogenic Shock
• Anaphylactic Shock
• Septic Shock

These classifications are based on the underlying cause of the shock.

Question 8

What compensatory mechanisms occur in response to hypovolemia?

Answer 8

• SNS activation
• Fluid shifts
• Reduced renal blood flow
• CNS ischemic response

These mechanisms are critical for maintaining blood pressure and perfusion.

Question 9

What is the impact of hemorrhagic shock on blood volume and pressure?

Answer 9

Losses of ~50% MAP, <45% MAP

MAP: Mean Arterial Pressure, indicating severe impact on circulatory stability.

Question 10

What defines neurogenic shock?

Answer 10

Low SNS output, general/spinal anesthesia effects

This type of shock can lead to significant cardiovascular instability.

Question 11

What treatments are recommended for shock?

Answer 11

• Replace what’s missing
• Administer fluids
• Use drugs as needed

The approach depends on the type and cause of shock.

Question 12

What are the signs of acute heart failure?

Answer 12

• Increased right atrial pressures
• Central venous pressure likely to increase
• Progressive worsening of cardiac output

These signs indicate severe heart dysfunction.

Question 13

What are the goals of heart failure treatment?

Answer 13

• Perfuse organs
• Monitor preload
• Fix valves
• Prevent shock
• Aid heart pump

Effective management aims to sustain organ function and improve quality of life.

Question 14

What is the Fick Equation used for?

Answer 14

To measure cardiac output based on oxygen delivery and blood flow requirements

It is a method to assess the efficiency of the cardiovascular system.

Question 15

True or False: A normal cycle of pulse pressure variation (PPV) is affected by ventilation.

Answer 15

True

PPV can indicate fluid responsiveness and is influenced by respiratory patterns.

Question 16

What are the critical components affected in decompensated shock?

Answer 16

• Heart
• Brain
• Kidneys

These organs are essential for maintaining homeostasis and are particularly vulnerable during shock.

Question 17

What are the effects of severe myocardial infarction on atrial pressures?

Answer 17

RAP and LAP changes, leading to peripheral and pulmonary edema

RAP: Right Atrial Pressure, LAP: Left Atrial Pressure.

Question 18

List the treatment options for shock-related capillary/tissue dysfunction.

Answer 18

• Pressors
• Inotropes
• Steroids
• Fluid replacement
• Colloids
• Positioning
• Oxygen

These treatments aim to restore hemodynamic stability and improve tissue perfusion.