Lizzie Dunn -Ch. 2

Question 1

Hindsight bias

Answer 1

1- when you learn an outcome and saying that it was predictable in the first place
2- a researcher said that it should of been foreseen that a certain group of students in an experiment would get a better score.
3- “i knew it!”

Question 2

Operational Definition

Answer 2

1- a definition used to define certain things in the experiment specific to it
2- the operational definition of a testing group in an experiment is a group of 10, half girls and half boys
3- in order to make the experiment OPERATE!

Question 3

Illusory Correlation

Answer 3

1- the idea that there is a relationship between something when there really isn’t
2- ice cream sales and the amount of babies born per year correlate
3- illusion, not real, fabricated

Question 4

Population

Answer 4

1- the group or people that an experiment studies, where the results come from
2- the greater population of the study group has better test scores
3- specific population, everyone referred to!

Question 5

random sample

Answer 5

1- must be random and can’t pinpoint a certain group of people or have a collectively common goal against the group of people being tested
2- three blind-folded people pick 5 students from every homeroom in the school
3- random.. up in the air

Question 6

Representative sample

Answer 6

1- it has to represent all of the population of which you’re applying the data to
2- a test on a left handed people represents conclusions about left handed people in general
3- represent… has to be LOGIC!

Question 7

Independent variable

Answer 7

1- what an experiment controls/changes
2- amount of money given to test takers to take a test
3- independent.. can stand on its own

Question 8

Confounding Variable

Answer 8

1- a factor that isn’t the DV that can produce an effect on the results or experiment
2- the personality of a tester
3- CONFOUNDS (confuses) the data/research

Question 9

Control Group

Answer 9

1- the group in the experiment that always stays the same
2- two tested groups and a control group, what the groups are being compared against
3- “the norm” but are CONTROLLED

Question 10

nominal data

Answer 10

1- data that isn’t good enough for taking statistics…. categories
2- zip codes, ice cream flavors
3- decimals dont matter…. “useless” stats, “making note of”

Question 11

histogram

Answer 11

1- a bar graph-looking graph that is proportional to data & numbers recorded
2- used to see who got what test scores, good for NOMINAL DATA
3- bar graph, history of recorded #’s

Question 12

ordinal data

Answer 12

1- data that is basically ranks, but you cannot tell how far apart the ranks are from one another
2- the stats of who finished what place in a race (i.e. “john got 5th place”)
3- ordinary, (decimals dont matter because ordinal = lacks specific-ness)

Question 13

interval data

Answer 13

1- when 0 has no meaning in the data
2- recording temperature in degrees
3- interval = doesnt matter, 0 = doesnt matter

Question 14

ratio data

Answer 14

1- when 0 DOES have meaning in the data
2- recording time intervals
3- ratio.. 0 CAN be used in a ratio (0:4)

Question 15

confirmation bias

Answer 15

1-the tendency that someone has to put their own opinion into a hypothesis
2- a scientist with ADD testing a group of people with ADD for learning problems & saying that they dont have any
3- your OWN bias, this should be because i said so!

Question 16

skew

Answer 16

1- when the results or research seems as if its “leaning” to some variable or result
2- a group of 100 people all having similar results except 20 of them
3- skewness, tilted, leaning

Question 17

Measures of Central Tendency

Answer 17

1- mode (occurs the most), median (the middle #), and mean (average)
2- you use data to observe the measures of central tendencies… to conclude a result or trend
3- when the results TEND to show a pattern or some type of result

Question 18

measures of variability

Answer 18

1- answers the question asking what the difference between the scores are and what they reflect
2- use this method to determine trends & differences in results.. test scores of students
3- varying, how much something varies

Question 19

statistical significance

Answer 19

1- the # used to tell us whether or not our data is really true or happened by chance
2- if all the results in a test turn out the same exact way in every test group, statistical significance must be tested to make sure it wasnt chance & to see how much of it was chance
3- chance = unwanted, significant, worthy to real world

Question 20

clark doll study

Answer 20

1- when researchers in 1939 took girl children who were African-american and gave them two dolls that were the same but had different ethnicities, one was white one was black. they were asked a series of questions (i.e. who is the nicest) which the answered the white girl and another being “who is the meanest” and they stated that the black girl was.
They = majority

Question 21

double-blind procedure

Answer 21

1- a procedure used when the psychologists and the testers are blinded- so they dont know who has been given or has been assigned what
2- a group of testers given placibo & “anti-depression pills”
3- 2 blind = everyone blind, no one knows

Question 22

descriptive statistics

Answer 22

1- summary statistics… the general idea
2- “the results showed a negative curve in the test scores
3- the big idea, summary, non-specific “result” or trend

Question 23

inferential statistics

Answer 23

1- data that can be compared to chance.. lets us test hypothesis against data or stats
2- determining whether or not the vitamin B pill made the testers healthier or if it just was psychosomatic
3- so we DONT infer results

Question 24

outlier

Answer 24

1- a result in stats that deviates extremely from the trend in data (& also affects the average)
2- it took the majority of the class 10-15 minutes to take the quiz but one student took 50 minutes
3- odd-one-out

Question 25

normal curve

Answer 25

1- a bell shaped curved that is symmetrical & shows that people tend to fall in the middle of it (the mean)
2- the typical results of the SAT worldwide are bell-curved
3- everyone does about the same, “the norm” (graphically)