living world

Question 1

recall the 5 major groups of pathogens.

Answer 1

• bacteria
• viruses
• fungi
• protozoa
• Multicellular parasites

Question 2

Recall 4 factors that cause non-infectious diseases and give an example for each.

Answer 2

physical malfunction , e.g. obesity
environmental factors, e.g. pollution
heredity, e.g. family disease history
incorrect nutrition, e.g. alcohol

Question 3

What is the difference between infectious and non infectious diseases?

Answer 3

Infectious diseases are made out of pathogens.

Question 4

classify the following as a symptom or a sign:
Rash
insomnia
dizziness
Abnormal breath sounds
joint pain
Rapid heartbeat

Answer 4

Rash (sign)
insomnia, (symptom)
dizziness (symptom)
Abnormal breath sounds (sign)
joint pain (symptom)
Rapid heartbeat (sign)

Question 5

name strategies to control the spread of infectious diseases.

Answer 5

Public health measures: try to eliminate exposure, eg. social distancing
Immunity: vaccines provide immunity even after exposure
medicine; used to treat diseases

Question 6

define endemic

Answer 6

A number of diseases that are regularly occurring within an area or community.

Question 7

define epidemic

Answer 7

The occurrence of more cases of a disease than would be expected in a community, country, or region during a given period.

Question 8

define pandemic

Answer 8

An epidemic of a disease that has spread across a large region (e.g., multiple continents or worldwide).

Question 9

why are developing countries more susceptible to epidemics and pandemics?

Answer 9

• overcrowding
• malnutrition
• cultural attitudes or practices
• inadequate public health system

Question 10

What is malaria?

Answer 10

Malaria is an insect-borne disease caused by pathogens. the pathogen is a single-celled protozoan that belongs to the genus Plasmodium. the pathogen has two hosts: humans and mosquitoes.

Question 11

What is the immune system?

Answer 11

The immune system is the body’s system that prevents and fights infectious and noninfectious diseases. It is made up of cells, tissue, and organs working together.

Question 12

How does the immune system fight pathogens?

Answer 12

1) barriers to prevent infection.
2) general responses to infections.
3) immunity against certain pathogens

Question 13

What is a disease?

Answer 13

an abnormal condition that interrupts normal bodily function.

Question 14

what is a pathogen?

Answer 14

pathogens are biological agents that cause disease, some are living and non living.

Question 15

what are the 5 groups of pathogens?

Answer 15

1) bacteria, e.g. tuberculosis
2) viruses, e.g. covid
3) Fungi, e.g. Athlete’s foot
4) Protozoa, e.g. malaria
5) multicellular parasites, e.g. Giardia (diarrhea)

Question 16

what are factors that may cause noninfectious diseases?

Answer 16

1) physiological malfunction
2) environmental factors
3) heredity
4) incorrect nutrition

Question 17

What are the 3 strategies to control the spread of infectious diseases?

Answer 17

1) public health measures: try to limit exposure, eg quarantine
2) immunity: vaccines provide immunity even after exposure
3) medicine: used to treat a disease

Question 18

define endemic

Answer 18

a number of diseases are regularly occurring within an area or community

Question 19

define pandemic

Answer 19

an epidemic of a disease that has spread across a large region (e.g. multiple continents or worldwide).

Question 20

define epidemic

Answer 20

the occurrence of more cases of a disease than would be expected in a community, country, or region during a given period.

Question 21

Developing countries are more susceptible to epidemics and pandemics due to:

Answer 21

• overcrowding
• malnutrition
• cultural attitudes
• inadequate public health system

Question 22

What is malaria, and what is the lifecycle of the malaria pathogen in the host?

Answer 22

Malaria is an insect-borne disease caused by pathogens. The pathogen is a single celled protozoan that belongs to the genus Plasmodium.
1) humans
2) mosquitos

Question 23

What is the immune system, and what is it made up of?

Answer 23

the immune system is the body’s system that prevents and fights infectious diseases

Question 24

what is the three-step process called the immune response, where the immune system protects the body against pathogens?

Answer 24

1) barriers to preventing infection
2) general responses to infection
3) immunity against specific pathogens

Question 25

list what the first line of defense is

Answer 25

the first line of defence is non-specific
1) the skin - stops pathogens unless cut or damaged
- if damaged blood clots to seal the skin
2) nose and lungs - mucus and tiny hairs in the nose stop pathogens from entering the lungs
- lungs remove mucus by coughing
3) eye - teas produce a substance that kills bacteria
4) stomach - acid produced by stomach can kill some pathogens

Question 26

what is the order of the ecosystem from biggest to smallest?

Answer 26

1) biosphere
2) biome
3) ecosystem
4) community
5) population

Question 27

define biosphere

Answer 27

refers to the place on the earths surface where all life dwells

Question 28

define biome

Answer 28

an area of the planet that can be classified according to the plants and animals that live in it.

Question 29

define ecosystem

Answer 29

refers to a community of organisms, their physical environment, and the interaction that happens between them.

Question 30

define comunity

Answer 30

all of the populations of different species, live in the same area and interact with each other.

Question 31

define population

Answer 31

a group of individuals of the same species that live in one area at one time

Question 32

define ecology

Answer 32

the study of the relationships between living things and their environment

Question 33

Define environment

Answer 33

all of the living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors that affect the survival of an organism in its living space

Question 34

define habitat

Answer 34

the living space of an organism

Question 35

define adaptations

Answer 35

a feature that enhances an organism’s chance of survival

Question 36

what are the 3 main types of tires?

Answer 36

1) structural: physical feature
2) Physiological: a process within the body
3) behavioural: something an organism does

Question 37

define symbiosis

Answer 37

2 different species live together in close association where at least 1 beneifit from the relationship.

Question 38

What are the 3 types of symbioses?

Answer 38

1) mutualism - both organisms benefit from the association
2) commensalism - one benefits and the other is not affected
3) parasitism - one benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed ( host).)

Question 39

What is deforestation?

Answer 39

Deforestation is the removal of native vegetation.

Question 40

What are the 3 effects of deforestation?

Answer 40

1) loss of biodiversity
2) wide-scale land degradation
3) global warming

Question 41

explain global warming?

Answer 41

When the sun’s energy reaches the earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space, and some is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases. But when there are more greenhouse gases, the solar radiation is trapped in the ozone layer.

Question 42

explain what bioaccumulation is and give an example.

Answer 42

the gradual build-up of pollution through the lifetime of an individual organism.
e.g. plastic in our water

Question 43

Explain what biomagnification is and give an example.

Answer 43

the increase in the concentration of a pollutant from one trophic level to the next.
e.g.
ddt -> ddt in -> ddt in -> ddt in pelicans
(pesticide) -> plankton -> small fish ->. (3-76 ppm)
dissolved in -> 0.05 ppm -> (0.2-12pp,). ->
water. ->
0.00005 ppm->