Living Organisms Flashcards
Differentiate between the characteristics of liv and non living things
A living organism shows a high degree of organization.Millions of atoms and molecules are arranged in an orderly and complex way to produce a living organism–composed of one cell or many cells.This needs a lot of energy.Also,a constant supply of energy is needed to maintain a living organism. Thus,obtaining and using energy are important activities of living organisms.
Non-living things such as oxygen (gas),water (liquid),and stone (solid) do not show a high degree of organization. Hence, their energy content is comparatively low. Other e.g of non-living things include fuel gas,chair,etc.
Identify the cell structures
A.Cell membrane(plasma membrane)
B.Cell wall
C.The Nucleus
D.The Cytoplasm-Mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Ribosomes,Endoplasmic Reticulum,Golgi Apparatus,Lysosomes,Vacuous,Centrioles.
Analyse the functions of the components of plants and animal cells
NUCLEUS:The nucleuscontrols and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information. Nucleoli are small bodies often seen within the nucleus.
MITOCHONDRIA:Known as the “powerhouses of the cell,” mitochondriaproduce the energy necessary for the cell’s survival and functioning. Through a series of chemical reactions, mitochondria break down glucose into an energy molecule known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used to fuel various other cellular processes.
CELL MEMBRANE:The cell membrane, therefore, has two functions: first,to be a barrier keeping the constituents of the cell in and unwanted substances outand, second, to be a gate allowing transport into the cell of essential nutrients and movement from the cell of waste products.
CELL WALL:The main function of the cell wall is toprovide structural strength and support, and also provide a semi-permeable surface for molecules to pass in and out of the cell.
CYTOPLASM:The cytoplasm is responsible forholding the components of the cell and protects them from damage. It stores the molecules required for cellular processes and is also responsible for giving the cell its shape.
CHLOROPLASTS:Chloroplastsproduce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes, which sustain plant growth and crop yield. As such, chloroplasts are responsible for the biosynthesis of active compounds such as amino acids, phytohormones, nucleotides, vitamins, lipids, and secondary metabolites.
RIBOSOMES:Ribosomes have two main functions —decoding the message and the formation of peptide bonds.They are the site of protein synthesis.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM:The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large, dynamic structure that serves many roles in the cell includingcalcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
Evenly spaced ribosomes are found adhering to the surface of some and hence are called rough endoplasmic reticulum(RER).Where they are absent, are called smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER).
GOLGI APPARATUS:The Golgi apparatus, or Golgi complex, functions asa factory in which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion.
LYSOSOMES:Lysosomes function asthe digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself.
VACAUOLE:A vacuole is a membrane-bound cell organelle. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small andhelp sequester waste products.
CENTRIOLE:Centrioles play a role inorganizing microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system.
Compare and contrast the structure of plant and animal cell
Similarities:
-Both have cell membranes
-Both have nuclei
-Both have cytoplasm
-Both undertake cell division
Both have cytoplasm with high proportions of water💧 mixed with chemical compounds
DIFFERENCES:
-Plant cells are usually larger than animal cells
-Plant cells have cellulose cell walls that are absent in animal cells
-Plant cells have definite shapes but animal cells have none
-Plant cells contain conspicuous vacuoles of varying sizes with cell sap but these are usually absent in animal cells and, where present, are usually small and many.
-Plant cells contain plastids including chlorophyll but these are absent in animals cells
-Plant cells have a more watery protoplasm than that of animal cells
-Plant cells have carbohydrates stored as starch granules but as glycogen in animal cells
Trace the levels and organization among organisms in their logical sequence in relation to the 5 kingdom classification of liv organisms
I)Cell
II)Tissue-Group of cells that have similar structures and perform a particular function e.gbone,phloem,blood of man
III)Organ-Consists of several tissues grouped together to make a functional unit e.gstem,leaf,eye, heart.
IVSystem-Is a series of organs whose functions are coordinated to produce an effective action in an organism.
V)Organisms-From the efficient coordination of the organs and systems to produce an individual capable of separate existence.
