Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Grade 9- Freshmen > Living Enviorment: Lesson 6 (genetics) > Flashcards

Living Enviorment: Lesson 6 (genetics) Flashcards

1
Q

What does a chromosome do?

A

Chromosomes have instructions to make every protein and organism needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are proteins

A

Proteins are responsible for every characteristic of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a gene

A

A set of instructions for making one specific protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are homologous chromosomes

A

46 chromosomes = 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are alleles?

A

They contain different versions of the same genes (ex blue, brown, green eyes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

It is a photograph of the chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a karyotype used for?

A

It is used to check for chromosomal problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the chromosomes that determines sex?

A

Xx for females and xy for males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is gene linkage?

A

It is adjacent genes that are often inherited together (for example red hair and freckles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are sex linked traits

A

If one sex has a characteristic that is rarely present in the other sex (many are located on X chromosome only)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What iS dna

A

(Dna: deoxyribonucleic acid) dna is a polymer chain of nucleotides (it makes up chromosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the rules of base pairing?

A

A bonds with t
G bonds with c
(RNA only a bonds with u)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the structure of dna?

A

Two chains of nucleotides joined together at the bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is the information of our genes stored?

A

One strand holds the genetic information the other protects the information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is dna replication?

A

The process of making new dna. The rules of base pairing helps dna to replicate. One strand of dna is used as a template to make the other strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the dna replication that involves enzymes?

A

Helicase first unzips dna then polymerase makes new dna. Lastly ligament zips the dna together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is tRNA

A

Carries amino acid to the ribosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is mRNA

A

Copy of the information for making a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is rRNA

A

Makes up the ribosomes and the ribosomes reads mRNA to synthesize a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the steps in protein synthesis

A
  • mRNA copies from a gene
  • mRNA leaves nucleus
  • mRNA attaches to a ribosome
  • ribosome reads mRNA
  • tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes
  • ribosome makes the protein
  • mRNA is recycled
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a condon

A

Three nucleotides that are a code for amino acids (3nucleotide>1codon>1amino acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is DNA translation in the cytoplasm?

A

A ribosome reads one codon at a time which the tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome after the amino acids connect to make the protein and finally there last codon is read the ribosome releases both the protein and the mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is nucleus transcription in the nucleus?

A

Dna(helicase) and then the mRNA with the needed information (RNA polymerase) and after the mRNA leaves the nucleus and the DNA molecule zips up (ligase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In humans, a male has

A

One X chromosome and one Y chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Human females produce egg cells that have

A

One X chromosomes

26
Q

What is the approximate probability that a human offspring with be female?

A

50%

27
Q

What percentage of human sperm cells carry and X chromosome?

A

50%

28
Q

A human female inherits

A

One copy of every gene located on each of the X chromosomes

29
Q

Alleles found on the same chromosomes

A

Are linked

30
Q

What is a nucleotide found in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose + phosphate group + cytosine

31
Q

He shape of a dna molecule is

A

Spiral

32
Q

DNA makes up parts of

A

Chromosomes

33
Q

The DNA message depends on the order of the

A

Nitrogen bases

34
Q

A section of DNA with bases ATTCGC will line up with bases

A

TAAGCG

35
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene

36
Q

What can mutations do in the process of evolution?

A

It could benefit: help survive in its environment, hurt: extinction, or no effect

37
Q

What are the causes of mutations?

A

Biological,accidental changes in DNA, crossing over, sexual reproduction, meiosis

38
Q

Environmental factors for mutations

A

X-ray, ultraviolet radiation, toxic chemicals (carcinogen-causes cancer, mutagen-cause DNA to mutate, and teratogen-cause some destruction to dna),

39
Q

Mutation affects

A

Cancer-body cell mutations only affect the organism, sex cell mutation does not affect the organism but may affect their offspring,

40
Q

What is a tumor?

A

It is formed when a mutation causes a cell to lose control and perform mitosis too often

41
Q

What is a Benign tumor

A

It does not spread and can be removed

42
Q

What is a malignant tumor

A

It destroys nearby healthy tissues and organs

43
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Tumor cells that travel to another part of the body to form new tumors. Once a cancer has metastasized it becomes difficult to treat

44
Q

What is biopsy

A

It determines if a tumor is malignant or benign

45
Q

What are the types of treatments?

A

Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

46
Q

What are some complementary and alternative medicine

A

Acupuncture, herbs, the rapeutic touch, visualization, meditation

47
Q

What are some lifestyle risk factors

A

Alcohol consumption, smoking, physical inactivity, sexually transmitted diseases, steroid use, warts and ultraviolet radiation, occupation

48
Q

How does diet affect the risk of developing cancer

A

Obesity increases the risk of developing cancer

49
Q

What is genetic testing

A

It is already available for certain cancer related genetic mutation

50
Q

What is biotechnology

A

It manipulates/looks at/ compares/ enhances the genetics of an organism

51
Q

What are the applications of biotechnology

A

DNA fingerprinting, recombinant DNA technology, preventing diseases, identifying diseases, modifying organisms, cloning, stem cell research

52
Q

What is forensics: DNA fingerprinting

A

It helps identify people based on their DNA, helps to find a criminal, used in paternity cases, reuniting families

53
Q

What is a gel electrophoresis?

A

A method to organize pieces of DNA by size and order

54
Q

What is he process of gel electrophoresis

A

The gel is made with channels in it
DNA is added to the channels
The gel is placed in salt water
And electric current is applied to the gel
DNA pieces move from the channel to the gel
Small pieces move faster
The dna pieces are stained to see how they moved

55
Q

What is recombinant DNA technology?

A

It is the transfer and insertion of genes between organisms. Insulin and growth hormones for people are made this way

56
Q

How does diagnosing and prevention of disease help?

A

Repairs damaged genes or diseases and identifies people with damaged genes before it becomes a problem

57
Q

What is Genetic engineering- genetically modified organisms (GMO)

A

It adds genes to food crops to be resistant to drought, infection, disease and insects

58
Q

What is cloning

A

It is the copy of the same organism, it is controversial, goes against religion, government needs to establish laws

59
Q

What is stem cell research?

A

A stem cell can become any type of cell, new organ for replacement

60
Q

What are ethical issues for stem cell research?

A

Stem cells could one dat save the lives of many people, currently stem cells come from placenta or aborted embryo tissues, religion believes that only a supreme should create life

Grade 9- Freshmen (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions