Livestock Exam Review Flashcards
What are the three main types of beef cattle production systems?
- cow-calf producers 2. purebred breeders 3. cattle feeders
What is the cow-calf system?
Cows bred each year to produce calves, then calves are sold to cattle feeders who feed them to slaughter weight. Less labor & lower investment in equipment in facilities.
Beef cows are mostly maintained on what in cow-calf production operations?
Roughage - little or no grain is needed
What are feeder calves?
Weaned calves that are under 1 year of age & sold to be fed for more growth
What are yearling feeders?
1-2 years of age & sold to be fed to finish for slaughter
What are purebred breeders?
Breeders who keep herds of purebred breeding stock. They provide replacements for cow-calf operations.
Purebred breeders are mainly responsible for the genetic ________ that have been made in beef breeds.
improvements
The cattle feeder feeds animals for the __________ __________.
slaughter market
What is the objective of cattle feeder operations?
To produce finished cattle in the shortest time possible.
Feed costs, labor requirements, & transportation costs are all higher in what type of enterprise?
Cattle feeders
A beef herd is improved by selecting animals that have the desired _________.
traits
Beef animal selection is primarily based on what two traits?
conformation & performance records
The _______ _______ is a measurement based on observation & height measurements when calves are evaluated at 205 days of age.
frame score
Frame scores are made on a scale of ___ to ___.
1 to 7
__________ refers to the appearance of the live animal. It includes the skeletal structure, muscling, fat balance, straightness of the animal’s lines, & structural soundness.
Conformation
________ is the use of high-frequency sound waves to measure fat thickness & loin-eye area. It is a useful tool for selecting meaty animals for breeding purposes.
Ultrasonics
_______ testing refers to an animal’s own performance in relation to important economic traits.
Performance
________ _______ refers to measuring a brood cow’s production by the performance of its offspring.
Production testing
_______ _______ usually refers to the evaluation of a bull by the performance of a number of its offspring.
Progeny testing
_______ _______ may be defined as a method of collecting records on beef cattle herds to be used for selecting the most productive animals.
Performance testing
What are the 3 main steps in setting up and conducting a testing program?
- Identifying each cow & calf 2. Recording birth dates of calves 3. Weighing & grading calves at weaning time
A _______ is the record of the ancestors of an animal.
pedigree
The selection of the ______ ______ is one of the most important decisions the cattle breeder makes.
herd bull
________ ________ provide information on traits that are economically important to cattle producers. Included is information regarding the ability of the bull to transmit growth rate to his offspring.
Sire summaries
The ability of the sire to transmit genetic traits is defined in the sire summaries as the ______ ______ ______. This is a measure of the degree of difference between the progeny of the bull and the progeny of the average bull of the breed in the trait being measured.
Expected Progeny Difference (EPD)
What are the 9 main points to look for in judging market classes?
- type 2. muscling 3. finish 4. carcass merit 5. yield 6. quality 7. balance 8. style 9. smoothness
_____ _____ shows the percent of carcass weight in boneless retail cuts from the round, loin, rib, and chuck that have been closely trimmed of fat.
Yield grade
_____ is the dressing percent (weight of the chilled carcass compared to the live weight) of the animal.
Yield
______ refers to the general conformation of the animal, and is best determined from the side view.
Type
______ refers to the natural fleshing of the animal.
Muscling
______ is the amount of fat cover on the animal.
Finish
______ ______ refers to the kind of carcass the animal will produce when slaughtered.
Carcass merit
______ refers to the refinement of the head, hide, bone, and hair.
Quality
______ refers to the general structure and proportion of the animal’s body.
Balance
______ means the way the animal shows and the way it carries itself.
Style
______ refers to the lack of roughness in finish or bone structure.
Smoothness
What are the 5 traits that breeding classes are judged on?
- condition 2. size 3. feet, legs, & bone 4. breed character 5. sex character
______ refers to the amount of fat cover an animal has.
Condition
______ in relation to age is important when judging an animal. A large animal is better than a small one when both are the same age.
Size
______ should be strong and straight and have heavy bone.
Legs
The _____ must be large enough to give a good foundation for the animal.
feet
Unsoundness in _____ & _____ makes the animal less valuable for breeding stock.
feet & legs
The ______ ______ is shown in the head & general appearance of the animal.
breed character
______ ______ refers to the traits that distinguish the animal as male or female.
Sex character
Consumers want more lean meat and less ____ in their pork.
fat
Practically all hogs today are produced by some type of _________ program.
crossbreeding
_______, _______, & _______ crossbreeding systems are used in swine production.
Rotational, rotaterminal, & terminal
Because a _______ crossbreeding system tends to produce leaner pork, it is now used to produce the majority of the market hogs in the U.S.
terminal
Research is continuing into the use of _______ to measure the fat-free lean pork content of live hogs and carcasses.
ultrasound
The four primal cuts of the hog carcass are:
ham, loin, Boston shoulder (Boston butt), and picnic shoulder
_____-_____ producers using genetic improvement programs must keep good records, do performance testing, and use selection indexes that relate to important economic characteristics to select breeding stock for continued genetic improvement.
Seed-stock
A ______ ______ group is a group of animals that are similar in a number of characteristics and have been raised under the same management practices. Age, sex, and breed are often used to set these up.
contemporary group
______ ______ ______ are determined by applying genetic principles to performance records.
Estimated Breeding Values (EBVs)
The _____ _____ _____ is found only in Hampshire pigs and causes the meat to be more acidic than normal.
acid meat gene
A producer using a _______ crossbreeding program needs to select boars that produce both desirable market hogs & desirable breeding gilts.
rotational
______ ______ ______ is an inherited neuromuscular disease that causes pigs carrying this recessive gene, when stressed, to show signs of heavy breathing, tail tremors, splotchy coloring, and occasionally death.
Porcine stress syndrome (PSS)
What two tests are available to test pigs for porcine stress syndrome (PSS)?
DNA testing & exposure to the anesthetic Halothane
Boars must be a minimum of ____ months of age before they are used for breeding purposes.
7.5
Breed gilts at the time of their ___ or ___ estrus after reaching puberty.
second or third
What are the four factors to consider when buying feeder pigs?
- health 2. type 3. size 4. uniformity
What are the 5 traits used when visually evaluating and judging hogs?
- conformation 2. size 3. muscling 4. finish 5. reproductive soundness
Market hogs today are more muscular, produce a larger loin eye area, and have less back ____ than those produced 20 years ago.
fat
The ______ ______ ______ ______ is a computerized, performance-based program for selection of sheep. This program calculates EPDs for sheep of different breeds.
National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP)
______ ______ _______ provide information that allows the comparison of ram lambs from several different flocks.
Ram testing stations
Two traits that are commonly tested for in sheep:
spider & scrapie susceptibility
The _____ genetic disease results in abnormally long limbs and death of lamb at either birth or shortly after birth.
Spider
_____ is a disease of the central nervous system and is always fatal in sheep.
Scrapie
Ewes produced in the western range area are referred to as ______ ewes. They have a high percentage of fine wool breeding.
western
Ewes produced in the U.S. are called _____ ewes. They are generally of the medium, long, or crossbred wool types.
native
General procedures for judging sheep are basically the same as those for judging beef or hogs, however, sheep must be judged on two particular traits:
meat & wool
What are the 10 traits market lambs are judged on?
- type 2. muscling 3. finish 4. carcass merit 5. yield 6. quality 7. balance 8. style 9. soundness 10. smoothness
_____ is the general build of the sheep.
Type
The _____ on a sheep consists of the skin and fleece.
pelt
Sheep are a major farm enterprise in the _____ range area of the U.S.
western
One way to classify sheep is by _____ type.
wool
Angora goats are judged on the basis of _____ & _____.
body & fleece
______ fibers are large, chalky white hairs on Angora goats. Do not select goats with large amounts of this in their fleece.
Kemp
Angora goats breed in the _____ and kid in the _____.
fall, spring
Two systems of kidding are in common use. They are:
kid does in the pasture or using stakes & kidding boxes
Because plastic tags may pull out of goats’ ears in the brush, most producers use a system of ______ ______.
ear notching
Castrating goats at an older age produces a heavier ______ on the wethers. These are preferred by buyers.
horn
The practice of _____ is sometimes followed to protect the goats from the weather after shearing in the spring.
caping
In _____, a strip of mohair 3-4 inches wide is left down the goat’s back.
.
caping
Spanish goats breed ________.
year-round
______ production is the major goal of Spanish goat enterprises.
Meat
Dairy goats are _______ breeders.
seasonal
The gestation period in goats is ______ months.
5
Dehorning in goats should be done when the kids are ___ to ___ days old.
3 to 5
Goats may be marked for identification by ______ or ______.
tattooing or ear tagging
_____ is the shoots, twigs, and leaves of brush plants found growing on rangeland.
Browse
____ refers to the soft down or winter undercoat of fiber produced by most breeds of goats, except the Angora.
Cashmere
The fleece of the Angora goat is called _____.
mohair
______ are mineral deposits that can build up on milking equipment if not rinsed with an acidified rinse.
Milkstone
Angora goats are raised for _____ and _____ _____.
mohair & meat production
Dairy goats are selected for _____ production.
milk
Spanish & Boer goats are raised primarily for ______.
meat
True/False: Spraying and drenching control external and internal parasites.
True
What is a male goat of any age called?
Buck
True/False: Breeding animals more than 8 years of age is not as productive as breeding younger goats.
True
For 100 Angora does, it is recommended that ___ or ___ bucks be run.
3 to 4
____ percent of the world’s production of mohair comes from Texas.
Sixty
What is a male goat castrated when young called?
Wether
What type of housing do Spanish goats require?
Little housing - shed for protection & fence for containment
What type of feeding requirements do Spanish goats have?
Little feed supplementation is needed - can mainly browse
What is a female goat of any age?
Doe
What is a young goat under 1 year of age of either sex?
Kid
What is a goat over 1 year and under 2 years of age of either sex?
Yearling
True/False: Many producers in the western states are now using mixed grazing, that is grazing sheep and cattle on the same land.
True
True/False: A common way to classify sheep is by the type of wool.
True
True/False: Breed selection is not a matter of personal preference.
False
Range production accounts for over ____ percent of the total sheep production in the U.S.
50
Sheep are a major farm enterprise in the ____ area of the U.S.
western
What is the only breed of sheep raised for fur in the U.S.?
Karakul
The most commonly used method of classifying sheep is by _____.
wool.
Up until the age of 4, the front teeth of the lower jaw are good indicators of ____.
age
True/False: Underline or mammary development is not important in judging a boar.
False
True/False: Finish refers to the amount and condition of the hair on a hog.
False
True/False: When performance data is used in judging a class of pigs, the contestants are given printed information about the class.
True
A visual evaluation of the amount of muscle on a hog is best seen by look at the _____ view of the hog.
rear
_____ refers to the degree of refinement of head, hair, hide, and bone of the live hog.
Quality
In hogs, the underline should have a minimum of ____ nipples per side.
7
_____ is the total estimated genetic value of an animal.
Estimated Breeding Values (EBV)
True/False: Some breed associations use ear notches for identification in swine.
True
True/False: The price cycle for hogs is relatively long because the weight ranges for top butcher prices vary from year to year.
False
True/False: The main reason for interest in Chinese breeds of hogs is the large litter sizes common for the breed.
True
True/False: Crossbred herds are used to provide breeding stock that can be used in purebred programs to produce market hogs.
True
____ notches must follow the guidelines for the breed association with which the pig is being registered.
Ear
The _____ hog is black with a white belt that encircles the fore part of the body.
Hampshire
The _____ is known as one of the oldest breeds of swine.
Tamworth
True/False: The cow-calf system of beef production involves keeping a herd of beef cattle.
True
True/False: Beef animals are judged on the basis of their conformation.
True
Purebred breeders provide stock for:
replacement bulls
Bang’s disease is another name for:
brucellosis
The use of high-frequency sound waves to measure fat thickness and loin-eye area is called _______.
ultrasonics
Breed associations maintain performance records for the daughters of bulls in their sire summary. This information is referred to as ______ ______ ______.
Maternal Breeding Value (MBV)
True/False: When incomes are high, the demand for beef increases while the demand for poultry decreases.
True
True/False: Most beef cattle breeds originated in India.
False
About ____ percent of the total income from all livestock and poultry marketing in the United States comes from the beef industry.
38
The U.S. is divided into _____ cattle-raising regions.
8
Which breed of cattle was in existence before the time of the Roman Empire?
Chianina
Name the breed of cattle that the U.S. Congress appropriated money for in 1927 because they were almost extinct.
Texas Longhorn
The cattle breed that is red in color and originated in the U.S. in 1945 is the _____ _____.
Red Angus
The _____ _____ breed of cattle originated in Australia.
Murray Grey
What is the origin of some of the newer breeds of cattle?
Result of crossbreeding cattle in Europe and India
What are vealers?
Calves grown for veal
