Livestock Flashcards

1
Q

What role does vitamin D play on health?

A

Elevates Ca:P to a level that supports normal mineralisation of bones

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2
Q

What problems arise when there is a deficiency in vitamin D?

A

Reduced calcium and phosphorus levels which results in fragile bone and teeth and reduced production.

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3
Q

What positive effects does vitamin C have on cattle?

A

Increases milk yield, milk quality and stimulates mastitis recovery.

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4
Q

What is pregnancy toxaemia?

A

A form of ketosis where there is a build up of ketones broken down from fat because not enough glucose is coming from the diet.

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5
Q

Why does pregnancy toxaemia happen

A

Pregnant cows require a lot of energy to maintain their developing calves. If the diet is insufficient or the cow is not eating enough this problem happens

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6
Q

Why do ketones build up during pregnancy toxaemia?

A

A certain amount of glucose is needed for maintenance. If not enough is supplied then fat is broken down into ketones to be utilised by the liver and turned into energy. But if the ketones going to the liver exceeds the amount of glucose in the liver to utilities it then the ketones build up and become toxic.

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7
Q

What does pregnancy toxaemia affect

A

Liver becomes enlarged, pale and fatty. The build up of ketones in the blood effect the brain and then the animal stops eating.

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8
Q

What is milk fever?

A

Hypocalcaemia: low calcium in the blood

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9
Q

How does hibernation happen

A

Instead of the carbs digested used as energy, fat reserves are converted into usable energy and enter the cellular respiration cycle via glycolysis and pyruvate steps

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10
Q

In hibernation how is the pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA?

A

Done via the phosphorylation of PDH which is inhibited by PDK-4. Reducing the combustion of CHO

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11
Q

What mechanisms is ATP produced by in hibernation

A

Beta oxidation of fat reserves

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12
Q

Name 2 components of animal growth

A

Genotype (hereditary) and phenotype (environmental impacts)

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13
Q

What is compensatory growth

A

A period of malnutrition that is increased to proper nutrition which sees the animal utilising food better and also growing quicker

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14
Q

How is hay digested in a horse

A

Hay is a fibre, which cannot be digested in their own and requires enzymes to break down the polysaccharide bonds where the caecum bacteria then break it down into VFA which is absorbed via gluconeogenesis in the liver.

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15
Q

How is grain digested in a horse?

A

Grains contain starch which are soluble and hydrolysed. Grains are highly palatable but horses struggle with the high carbs and low fibre content which can cause colic.

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16
Q

What is a mechanisms for milk fat depression

A

Biohydrogenation

17
Q

What is milk fat depression?

A

The process by which farmers essentially get low fat milk

18
Q

How is milk fat depression done

A

By feeding the cows high concentrate diets, where the saturated FA are turned into an unsaturated end product

19
Q

How does stress influence vitamin requirements

A

Stress brings of flight or fight responses where digestion stops. Therefore less vitamins are synthesised and absorbed and requirements are increased.

20
Q

What are the 5 types of antioxidant nutrients

A
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Selenium
Flavonoids
Carotenoids
21
Q

How do antioxidants work

A

They neutralise free radicals and prevent damage to DNA and tissue

22
Q

How does vitamin C work as an antioxidant

A

It works by being an electron donor for the free radicals which stabilised it and reduced oxidative stress

23
Q

Cu, Mo and S relationship

A

Mo + S = reduced Cu levels

This happens because Cu tries to get rid of Mo which causes diahrroea

24
Q

Why do humans absorb iron efficiently

A

Humans are omnivores therefore have a high iron and vitamin c diet. Where the vitamin c increase iron absorption

25
Q

By how much does vitamin c increase bioavailability of iron

A

300%

26
Q

Why are enzymes important feed addictives

A

Enzymes liberate additional energy from food and improve digestion of raw material and protein. Which overall reduces feed costs

27
Q

Define complete feed

A

Nutritionally adequate

28
Q

Define concentrate

A

Intended to be diluted. Such as grain

29
Q

Define basemix

A

Contains all required minerals and vitamins

30
Q

Define premix

A

Contains all other missing ingredients and nutrients to make a feed complete