Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > Liver W12 > Flashcards

Liver W12 Flashcards

1
Q

The liver is located in the upper right of the abdominal cavity.
What are the vessels into the liver?
What are the vessels out of the liver?

A

IN: Hepatic artery + Hepatic portal vein
OUT: Central vein, hepatic vein, vena cava, Bile cana. Lymphatics.

Leaves through the hepatic veins into the Inferior Vena Cava.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The functional unit of the liver, called Functional lobule, has cells. What are they?

A

Hepatocytes: synthesise proteins, produce bile, process nutrients and store fat-soluble vitamins. Detoxify.
Endothelial cells: line sinus, porous.
Kupffer cells: resident macrophages- defence cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Inside the stomach, carbs are broken down into lactose, glucose or fructose, which is absorbed into where?

A

The hepatic portal vein then to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Digestion is completed in the ___.
Nutrients are absorbed into the ____.
Move to ___ for processing.

A

Digestion is completed in the small intestine. Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream (hepatic portal vein) and move to the liver for processing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The pancreas releases glucagon and insulin- where those two hormones are acting is in the liver.
What is the livers involvement in metabolism of carbohydrates?

A

The liver helps regulate blood glucose.
It converts glucose to glycogen (because can’t store too much glucose, too much osmotic pressure) then glycogen back to glucose.
Performs gluconeogenesis - glucose from non-carbs. And Glycogenlyosis breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the liver’s response to insulin?

A

Pancreas releases insulin which stimulates glucose uptake from blood/ Force glucose to glycogen. Which lowers blood sugar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the bodies response to low blood sugar?

A

Pancreas releases glucagon, acts in liver. Which breaks down glycogen converts to glucose and raises blood sugar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the metabolism of fat in the liver’s role in synthesis of??

A

Synthesis of cholesterol = plasma Membrane, bile salts, steroid
Synthesis of phospholipids = plasma membrane
Excess proteins = adipose tissue storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

It the metabolism of proteins in the liver, what does the deamination of amino acids do? And how does it bypass toxic hepatic coma?

A

Deamination of amino acids- leaves the carbon skeleton which can be used for making glucose, acetyl CoA.

The liver converts the ammonia to urea for excretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the role of Albumin?

A

Maintains normal fluid balance between blood and tissues- to clean out system and get rid of waste.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the liver’s role in protein synthesis?

A
  1. Liver synthesises clotting factors- Vitamin K required for these.
    Fibrinogen is an activating factor.
  2. Albumin- maintains fluid
  3. Synthesis of non-essential amino acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Does the liver synthesise immunoglobulins?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The liver produces apoferritin, which combines with ___. To keep up red blood cells.
What other vitamins does the liver store and for what purpose.

A

Iron.

Vitamin A, D B12- for immune, calcium regulation and DNA synthesis.
Vitamin K for coagulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the important component in the liver that contributes to the emulsification of fats for absorption and fat-soluble vitamins (K)?

What else does it assist in the excretion of?

A

Bile acids.
Hepatocytes secrete into canaliculi to bile ducts to gall bladder.

Excretion of cholesterol and bilirubin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A build up of what is one of the major signs of liver disease?

A

Bilirubin.
Which is a breakdown product of Haemoglobin.
It is conjugated in the liver and released into the intestine in BILE- usually excreted in faeces.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the oral signs of liver disease?

A

Jaundice, xerostomia, smooth tongue, bruxism (grinding), cheilitis (cuts on tongue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What clinically do you have to watch out for with a patient of liver disease?

What are the causes of liver disease?

A

Excessive bleeding + Reduced metabolism of drugs

Loss of hepatocyte function or impaired blood flow- caused by infectious diseases, alcohol abuse and metabolic disorders.

18
Q

How many viruses are there of the liver? And what are dentists most concerned with?

A
  1. A, B, C
19
Q

The metabolism of alcohol produces acetaldehyde- which affects mitochondria. It increases lipid and ketone synthesis - which leads to?

A

Fatty liver disease- cirrhosis (scarring of liver)

20
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Fibrosis and scar tissue- that blocks blood flow.

21
Q

What is a precursor to Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin resistance (cells can’t take up glucose) that is responsible for Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

A

Metabolic syndrome.

22
Q

Where are the two places liver cancer occurs?
What is liver cancer associated with & its risk factors?

A

Hepatocytes and bile ducts.

Liver cancer is associated with cirrhosis. Risk factors = Hepatitis B or C, Fatty liver disease, smoking and alcohol.

23
Q

What does hepatocellular failure lead to and what is it a buildup of?

A

Leads to jaundice, glucose imbalance, bleeding disorders, and disrupt steroid and calcium.
Due to buildup bilirubin (yellow substance when red blood cells break down).

24
Q

What does impaired blood flow impact?

A

Increases resistance due to fibrosis and pressure in circulation.
Decreases drainage from GI tract.

25
Q

In patient with Type II Diabetes:
What role does insulin have in regulating the liver’s metabolic function?

A

In uncontrolled diabetes, the body resorts to fat metabolism as insulin production is not sufficient. Glycogenolysis will be excessive and the liver will become the main site of fat metabolism for generation of energy.

26
Q

How does the liver increase glucose levels in excessive insulin?

A

Insulin increases uptake of glucose in the liver through glycogen storage, decreasing gluconeogensis. If there is too much insulin, leads too hypoglycaemia. Not enough glucose.

The liver can increase blood glucose by converting glycogen into glucose via glycogenolysis.

27
Q

What are 2 processes the liver uses to increase blood glucose levels?

A

Gluconeogenisis= transforms non carbs into glucose
Glycogenolysis= breakdown of glycogen to make glucose

28
Q

How does the liver’s blood supply relate to its physiological functions?

A

Nutrients that are absorbed from the GIT go through to the liver first where nutrients can be processed. Blood comes to the liver from hepatic artery and portal vein.
Within the liver, each lobule has blood supply from the hepatic artery and portal vein that drain into the sinusoid- which drain through central vein.
Sinusoid is porous lined with Kupffer (macrophages) and endothelial cells, where blood moves through to hepatocytes that filter the blood. Controls metabolism and digestion.

These then come together and forms the hepatic vein, which leaves the liver. Merges with Inferior Vena Cava –> right side of heart.

If tricuspid valve is blocked, the liver holds back flow of blood.

29
Q

How does the liver breakdown haemoglobin from senescent red blood cells?

A

Occurs via reticuloendothelial system (immune system) and spleen.
Takes up haemoglobin released from senescent cells.
Broken down into heme and globin- heme ring to release iron.
Heme is converted into Believerdin to bilirubin - which is transported to liver by plasma albumin.

Conjugated in liver, released into intestine in bile to faeces, or, excreted in urine.

30
Q

What role does the liver play in drug metabolism?

A

End result is to make drugs more water soluble via two main phases.
Phase I: cytochrome p450 oxidation and reduction reactions make it chemically reactive, lipid soluble.
Phase II: conjugation reaction, make it water soluble and less toxic.

31
Q

Why do we need to be careful of medication dose prescription?

A

Liver is main site of drug metabolism. Reduce liver function = reduce drug metabolism. So, drug can build up toxic levels.

32
Q

What is Jaundice caused by?

A

High levels of bilirubin in blood, leads to discolouration of skin and tissues.
Sclera of eye detected first.

Bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of haemoglobin in senescent red blood cells. It is lipid soluble and toxic at high levels.

33
Q

Why do people with liver disorders experience high levels of bleeding?

A

They have decreased levels of blood clotting (which stops you from losing too much blood). = inhibited coagulation factors (proteins in blood that control bleeding).

Risk of drug toxicity due to altered metabolism of drugs, need smaller doses.

34
Q

Why do people with liver disease and protein malnutrition develop oedema?

A

Plasma proteins especially albumin is important for maintaining normal fluid levels in tissues. Loss of albumin causes fluid accumulation in body tissues.
Loss of liver cell function, leads to hypo albuminemia-

35
Q

What is Hep B?

A

A DNA Virus.
Inflammation of liver parenchyma
Spread by body fluids and verticle transmission

36
Q

How is Hep A spread?

A

RNA virus.
Not need stick.
Oral route. Liver fluke parasite and malaria.

37
Q

How is fat metabolised in the liver?

A

It is the breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and FFA.
FFA are split by B oxidation into 2 acetyl -forms- ACTEYL CoA
Which is oxidised and generates large amounts of ATP and ketone bodies.

Also, use of bile and bile salts to emulsify cholesterol and fats into micelles which can be broken down by the body.

38
Q

How is protein metabolised in the liver and why is this a vital function?

A

The liver is responsible for deamination of amino acids. This is vital because it is required before proteins can be used as an energy source. This results in large production of ammonia.

Ammonia is toxic and the liver converts it to urea which is then excreted in urine by kidneys.

*If not converted to urea can lead to hepatic coma and death.

39
Q

How much protein does the liver synthesise a day?

A

50g

40
Q

Bile is formed in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

What is bile important for?

A

Bile and bile salts are used to emulsify cholesterol and fats into micelles which can be broken down by the body.

Absorbing fat soluble vitamins- K for coagulation.

And to carry away waste.

Damaged bile ducts leads to damage of hepatocytes = liver failure.

Anatomy (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions