liver physiology

Question 1

what is the name of the process in which glucose is produced from amino acids?

Answer 1

gluconeogenesis

Question 2

Where is HDL formed?

Answer 2

liver

Question 3

Insulin, glucagon, ADH and steroid hormones. are they activated or inactivated by the liver?

Answer 3

de

Question 4

What kind of things are stored in the liver?

Answer 4

fat soluble vitamins (ADEK), b12, iron, glycogen, copper

Question 5

which proteins are synthesised?

Answer 5

Coagulation factors 2,7,9,10. Protein C and S. Albumin. Complement proteins. Apolipoproteins. Carrier Proteins

Question 6

what are liver phagocytes called

Answer 6

kupffer cells

Question 7

bile is produced continuously by the combined secretions of which two cell types?

Answer 7

hepatocytes and bile duct cells

Question 8

what stimulates gallbladder smooth muscle to contract?

Answer 8

chyme in the duodenum (via CCK and vagal impulses)

Question 9

HOW DOES THE SPHINCTER OF ODDI OPEN?

Answer 9

via CCK

Question 10

Bile spurts into duodenum via?

Answer 10

sphincter of oddi

Question 11

what are bile duct cells called?

Answer 11

cholangiocytes

Question 12

what pH is bile?

Answer 12

neutral/slightly alkali

Question 13

What does neutral/alkali ph assist?

Answer 13

micelle formation, neutralisation of chyme, ph adjustment for digestive enzyme action, protection of the mucosa

Question 14

hepatocytes secrete primary juice into canaliculi which drain into biliary ductules and cuts. what does this juice contain?

Answer 14

primary bile acids
water and electrolytes 
lipids and phopholipids 
cholesterol 
iga 
bilirubin 
metabolic waste and conjugated drug metabolites

Question 15

causes of jaundice medical doctors aren’t very happy. surgeons are not much better

Answer 15

malignancy, drugs, antibiotics, viruses, haematological, stones, antibiotics, nodes, malignancy of pancreatic head

Question 16

What is bilirubin formed from ?

Answer 16

Haemoglobin broken down into haem and globin. Globin is broken down into amino acids. Haem broken into iron and bilirubin. Iron reabsorbed into bone marrow. Bilirubin excreted in bile

Question 17

what is cholelithiasis?

Answer 17

formation of gallstones

Question 18

what could cause cholesterol to crystallize over time and form a gallstone?

Answer 18

concentration of bile in gallbladder produces super saturated solution

Question 19

morphine is used to relieve pain of gallstones. why could his make it worse?

Answer 19

causes constriction of sphincter of oddi and increases intrabiliary pressure

Question 20

which 2 drugs are used to relieve spasm of bile duct?

Answer 20

GTN and atropine

Question 21

what happens to bile salts which enter duodenum?

Answer 21

only small amount (5%) are lost. Most are reabsorbed in the terminal ileum and undergo enterohepatic recycling

Question 22

what happens to secondary bile acids?

Answer 22

they are recycled as bile salts after being conjugated in liver with glycine and taurine

Question 23

In severe hepatic failure, the detoxification of what fails?

Answer 23

ammonia to ammonium

Question 24

If ammonia levels rise in hepatic failure what happens

Answer 24

has a toxic effect on CNS causing drowsiness, come and death resulting from cerebral oedema.