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Biochem final > Liver Metabolism and Water > Flashcards

Liver Metabolism and Water Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Liver include: (4 main things)

A

Filtering of ingested materials
Synthesis/Catabolism
Storage of Vit/minerals
Excretion (biliary tree)

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2
Q

Heme Catabolism marker of impairment in plasma

A

increased bilirubin

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3
Q

Carb metabolism marker of impairment in plasma

A

increased glucose

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4
Q

Protein synthesis marker of impairment in plasma

A

increased albumin and increased prothrombin time

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5
Q

Protein catabolism marker of impairment in plasma

A

increased ammonia and increased urea

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6
Q

lipid metabolism marker of impairment in plasma

A

increased cholesterol and increased triglycerides

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7
Q

drug metabolism marker of impairment in plasma

A

increase of drug biological half time

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8
Q

bile acid metabolism marker of impairment in plasma

A

increased bile acids

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9
Q

symptoms of mild liver disease

A

typically no outward symptoms, only can be seen as mild chemical changes in the blood

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10
Q

symptoms of severe liver disease

A

jaundice, bruise easily, bleed profusely, distended abdomen, confusion, loss of consciousness

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11
Q

liver disease impacts what body systems

A

Central Nervous System, Skin, GI Tract, Cardiovascular, and endocrine

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12
Q

Two special features of liver anatomy

A
  1. ) Metabolite exchange between hepatocytes and plasma

2. ) Portal Vein draining from intestine and bile duct

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13
Q

What organ plays a central role in glucose metabolism? Why?

A

Liver bc it maintains the circulating concentration of blood glucose

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14
Q

Permits the release of glucose by hydrolysis of glucose-6-phospate

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

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15
Q

Why is gluconeogenesis a process that occurs in the liver and not the muscle or kidneys?

A

Muscle has store glycogen but no glucose-6-phospatase

Kidneys have the enzyme in lower concentrations, but no stored glycogen

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16
Q

Where are plasma proteins synthesized and what are some examples?

A

In the Liver

Ex: Albumin (major one in blood), coagulation factors, plasma alpha and beta globulins, and “acute phase proteins”

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17
Q

an increase in this type of acute phase protein indicates inflammation or infection as it is released by damaged tissue

A

C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - the most quantitatively marked acute phase protein

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18
Q

Why is the urea cycle important?

A

Break down of amino acids in the liver produces toxic ammonia and ammonium ions, any ammonia that can’t be detoxified by amidating glutamate to glutamine can be used to synthesize nontoxic urea

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19
Q

component of hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes, and synthesized in most cells of the body

A

heme

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20
Q

What is the Rate limiting step of heme synthesis, what is it catalyzed by?

A

Glycine and Succinyl-coA condensation to form 5-ALA in the mitochondia, Catalyzed by 5-ALA synthase

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21
Q

How is heme synthesis controlled?

A

Heme controls its own synthesis because it is and inhibito for 5-ALA synthase

22
Q

a catabolic product of heme breakdown - 70% of it is formed by the hemoglobin from dead RBCs

A

Bilirubin

23
Q

Biliverden vs Bilirubin transport

A

Biliverdin is soluble and Bilirubin is insoluble so it needs a carrier protein for transport

24
Q

how is bilirubin broken down?

A

catabolized by bacteria and released in feces, some reabsorbed and excreted by liver or kidneys

25
Q

What is jaundice?

A

bilirubin build up in the blood

26
Q

Type of Jaundice caused by increased production of bilirubin

A

Prehepatic

27
Q

Type of jaundice caused by impaired hepatic uptake, conjugation, or secretion of bilirubin

A

Intrahepatic

28
Q

Type of Jaundice caused by the obstruction of biliary drainage

A

Posthepatic

29
Q

Explain what happens in the two phases of drug metabolism in the liver and what they are mediated by

A

Phase I - addition of a polar group to make drug more hydrophillic, mediated by cytochrome P-450
Phase II - Conjugation mediated by cytoplasmic enzymes

30
Q

enzyme that mediated the addition of a polar group to a drug during phase I of drug metabolism

A

Cytochrome P-450

31
Q

Breakdown of an excess of this drug in the liver produces a free radical and leads to hepatotoxicity

A

Acetaminophen

32
Q

What enzyme oxidizes ethanol in the liver?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

33
Q

Why is there liver damage associated with excess alcohol intake

A

Toxicity of acetaldehyde (intemediate of ethanol breakdown) forming schiff base adducts with other macromolecules

34
Q

enzymes involved in the interconversion of amino and ketoacids that are required metabolism of nitrogen and carbs

A

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Amino-transaminase (ALT)

35
Q

What are the two barriers for the exchange of water and electrolytes

A

cell membranes and capillary beds

36
Q

what organ regulates water and electrolyte homeostasis?

A

Kidneys

37
Q

How much water is in the brain

A

90% of cell comp/weight

38
Q

2/3 of total body fluid, fluid within the cell walls and cytoplasm

A

ICF - intracellular fluid

39
Q

1/3 of total body fluid, make up intersticial fluid, lymph, plasma, and trancellular fluids

A

ECF - extracellular fluid

40
Q

What are capillaries permeable and impermeable to?

A

freely permeable to water and electrolytes, NOT permeable to proteins

41
Q

What are the concentrations of Na+ and K+ in the ECF vs ICF?

A

Plasma/ECF - 140mmol/L Na+ and 4mmol/L K+

ICF - 110 mmol/L K+ (more than 30X plasma)

42
Q

What protein exerts osmotic pressure in plasma

A

Albumin

43
Q

What are the two categorizations of the Sodium Potassium Pump?

A

Transporter (Pump part)

Enzyme ( ATPase activity)

44
Q

How does water travel

A

LOW osmolality to HIGH osmolality

45
Q

High osmolality of the medulla of kidney facilitates the reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts, what is this called.

A

Counter Current Exchange

46
Q

In the ascending arm of the loop of !Henle, sodium and chloride ions are pumped into the interstitial fluid. They then !diffuse freely into the lumen of the descending limb, creating a functional loop, !which perpetuates the increase in osmolality of the filtrate reaching the !!ascending limb

A

Counter Current multiplication

47
Q

What parts of the body assist in maintaining the pH

A

Lungs, Red Blood Cells, and Kidneys

48
Q

What is the main buffer system of the blood?

A

Bicarbonate buffer system

49
Q

What can excessive sweat cause?

A

Hypernatremia

50
Q

What can severe diarrhea cause?

A

dehydration and hypokalemia

Biochem final (3 decks)

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