Liver Disorders Flashcards
what is the A/P of the liver? (location, func)
largest gland of the body
Right Upper Quad (RUQ)
very vascular
received blood from nutrient rich blood from GI tract via portal vein and O2 rich blood from hepatic artery
what are functions of the liver?
glucose metabolism + regulation
ammonia conversion –> urea
protein metabolism (albumin, globulins, clotting factors, lipoproteins) –> vit K needed to make prothrombin + other clotting factors
fat metabolism –> breaks down fatty acids for energy
vitamin/iron storage (A, B, D)
bile formation (water, electrolytes, bicarb, lecithin, fatty acids, cholesterol, bilirubin, bile salts)
bilirubin excretion –> gall bladder –> intestine
drug metabolism (first pass effect)
what important labs refer to the liver?
AST, ALT, GGT, LDH (ALT> AST - liver, AST>ALT - myocardial necrosis
protein/albumin
bilirubin
clotting factors (PT/INR, plts)
alkaline phosphatase (Alk phos, ALP, AP)
ammonia
lipids
what is the normal AST levels?
8 - 48
what is the normal ALT levels?
7 - 55
what is the normal ALP levels?
45 - 115
what is the normal bilirubin levels?
0.1 - 1.2
what is the normal total protein levels?
6.3 - 7.9
what is the normal albumin levels?
3.5 - 5.0
what are transaminases?
indicators of liver cells injury (detects hepatitis)
what do ALT levels indicate?
increased in liver disorders; used to monitor course of hepatitis, cirrhosis + effects of tx that are liver toxic
what do AST levels indicate?
not specific to liver diseases
may be inc in cirrhosis, hepatitis, and liver cancer
what do GGT levels indicate?
assoc w/ cholestasis; alcoholic liver disease
what are the liver diagnostics?
ultrasound
CT
MRI
ERCP (Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography)
Transient Liver Elastography – degree of cirrhosis (firm liver) - Stiffness of liver tissue
Liver biopsy
what health hx questions are asked?
if any exposure to hepatotoxic substances?
infections?
travel or substance abuse?
meds? inc OTC supplements?
family liver dx?
what are the manifestations of liver disease?
Cognitive changes
Altered sleep/wake pattern, irritability
Gastroesophageal bleeding–hematemesis, melena
Splenomegaly
Ascites
Jaundice
Petechiae, ecchymosis, nosebleeds
Palmar erythema
Spider
Dependent peripheral edema of extremities and sacrum
Asterixis –> coarse tremor characterized by rapid, nonrhythmic extension and flexion of the wrists and fingers
Fetor hepaticus (fruity or musty odor, possibly stool smell)
what are the hepatic dysfunction disorders?
fatty liver disease = (Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH))
infection = hepatitis
liver cirrhosis = compensated, decompensated
liver failure = acute or end stage LD
what are the complications of hepatic dysfunction?
jaundice
ascites
portal htn
hepatic encephalopathy/coma
varices
nutritional deficiencies
what is jaundice?
Yellow or greenish-yellow sclera and skin
Bilirubin level > 2 mg/dL
Types: Hemolytic, Hepatocellular, obstructive (Hereditary hyperbilirubinemia)
Hepatocellular + Obstructive are most associated with liver disease
what is hepatocellular jaundice?
damaged liver cells from infection, excessive alcohol use (cirrhosis), prolonged obstructive jaundice
what is obstructive jaundice?
extra-hepatic (gall stone, inflammatory process, tumor) or intra-hepatic (stasis, thickening of bile in canaliculi)
what is hemolytic jaundice?
due to RBC breakdown
what are the s/s of hepatocellular jaundice?
Mild or severely ill
Lack of appetite, nausea or vomiting, weight loss
Malaise, fatigue, weakness
Headache, chills, fever, infection
what are the s/s of obstructive jaundice?
Dark orange-brown urine, **clay-colored stools
Indigestion and intolerance of fats, impaired digestion
Pruritus
Skin excoriation from scratching
what is portal htn?
Obstructed blood flow through the liver results in increased pressure throughout the portal venous system
results = ascited + esophageal/gastric varices
what is ascites?
portal htn –> inc cap refill –> obstruction of venous blood flow through damaged liver
dec serum osmotic pressure w/ movement of albumin + fluid from intravascular space to extravascular space including peritoneal cav –> peripheral edema + ascites
*can also occur from cancer, kidney disease + HF
how do you assess for ascites?
record abdominal girth/weight DAILY
striae, distended veins, umbilical hernia
assess abdominal cavity for fluid; dyspnea, abdominal discomfort
monitor for potential fluid/electrolytes imbalances (sodium, potassium, renal function)