Liver, Biliary And Pancreas Risk Factors And Complications Flashcards
What are possible complications of acute alcohol poisoning?
Note: Alcohol continues to be absorbed if it has been ingested
Brain damage (from dehydration)
Aspiration (due to gag reflex suppression)
Death
What are the complications of hepatitis A?
Fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure)
Cannot become chronic
What are the complications of hepatitis B?
Liver cancer (2nd worst carcinogen worldwide)
Chronic infection (and cirrhosis)
Fulminant hepatitis (acute liver failure)
What are the complications of hepatitis C?
Cirrhosis
There is no fulminant hepatitis, no “warning shot”
Which alcohol-dependant people are particularly at risk of wernicke’s encephalopathy?
malnourished or at risk of malnourishment
decompensated liver disease
in acute withdrawal
What are the complications to the foetus of diabetes during pregnancy?
Congenital abnormalities
Macrosomia (accelerated growth: may mean birth trauma, labour induction or caesarean)
Intrauterine growth restriction
Neonatal hypoglycaemia
Nausea and vomiting affecting maternal glucose control
Still birth
Neonatal death
What are the four biggest risk factors for developing diabetes type 2?
Obesity
Ethicity: black afrocaribbean & southeast Asian
Age
Family history of diabetes type 2
What are the complications of DKA/HHS?
Hypoglycaemia
Hypokalemia
Venous thromboembolic event: TIA, stroke, MI
Cerebral oedema
Brain injury
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
What are the risk factors for hypoglycaemia?
Alcohol excess
Long-standing diabetes mellitus
Old age
Young age
Recent severe hypoglycaemia
Pregnancy
Renal impairment
Hepatic impairment
What are the complications of type 1/2 diabetes mellitus?
Peripheral neuropathy:
Diabetic foot ulcer
Osteomyelitis
Charcots foot
Immune suppression:
Candida infections
Cellulitis
Retinopathy (most common complication): Microaneurysms Exudates Haemorrhages Angiogenesis Glaucoma
Nephropathy:
Glomerulosclerosis
Fibrosis
Autonomic neuropathy: Orthostatic hypotension Decreased sex drive and sexual pleasure Resting tachycardia Anhydrosis (dehydration) Constipation Faecal incontinence Erectile dysfunction Urinary autonomic issues
Macrovascular complications: MI Angina Stroke Peripheral vascular disease
What is the greatest risk factor for developing diabetes type 1?
Autoimmune conditions (DMT1 is HLA D3/4 linked)
What are the risk factors for diabetes type 2?
Asian ethnicity
Male
Central obesity
Lack of exercise
Positive calorie diet
Alcohol excess
What are the risk factors for haemochromatosis?
Male (iron loss in menses/pregnancy attenuates the female preponderance)
White
Middle age
Family history (autosomal recessive)
High dietary iron intake
