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GI tract > Liver and Pancreas > Flashcards

Liver and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

what does the main pancreatic duct contain?

A

digestive enzymes

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2
Q

where does the common bile duct come from?

A

gall bladder

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3
Q

what does the exocrine part of the pancreas look like?

A

the parotid gland

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4
Q

how are digestive enzymes packaged?

A

into vesicles and secreted into the lumen of the acinus

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5
Q

what are digestive enzymes secreted as and why?

A

proenzymes called zymogens that are inactive, and so they don’t digest the cells that are producing them

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6
Q

what is the structure of the acinus duct

A

centre lined with centroacinar cells

duct contains intercalated and columnar cells which make up the excretory duct

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7
Q

what do centroacinar cells secrete

A

bicarbonate ions

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8
Q

how are the pancreas and salivary different

A

pancreas has centroacinar cells and no striated cells, salivary gland has lots of striated ducts and no centroacinar cells

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9
Q

what are the three main blood vessels that supply the liver?

A

Hepatic artery
Hepatic vein
Hepatic portal vein

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10
Q

what is the function of the hepatic artery

A

brings oxygenated blood

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11
Q

what is the function of the hepatic vein

A

products leave the liver

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12
Q

what is the function of the hepatic portal vein

A

brings in products of digestion

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13
Q

how many lobules in liver and what is their shape

A

1 million

hexagonal

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14
Q

structure of lobule

A

CT between lobules
central vein running through centre
triad - HA, HPV and bile duct

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15
Q

which way does the blood flow in the hepatic artery

A

towards central vein, which eventually coalesces to form hepatic vein

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16
Q

what direction does bile go in lobule

A

opp to blood

towards bile duct, formed by hepatocytes

17
Q

how are hepatocytes arranged

A

arranged in rows with sinusoids orientated around the central vein so passage of blood goes towards it

18
Q

what lines the sinusoids

A

epithelial cells

19
Q

how are endothelial cells arranged

A

discontinuous - to allow communication between blood and hepatocytes

20
Q

what are kuppfer cells and where are they located

A

phagocytic cells
sit between endothelial cells and hepatocytes
or in lumen of sinusoids

21
Q

what is the space of disse

A

space between endothelial cells and hepatocytes

22
Q

what does space of disse do

A

sepeartes hepatocytes from sinusoids

23
Q

what does the space of disse contain

A

blood plasma
microvilli of hepatocytes
hepatic stellate cells

24
Q

what do hepatic stellate cells do

A

store vitamin A in lipid droplets

25
Q

what happens to hepatic stellate cells when exposed to certain external factors

A

change cell type to myofibroblasts
fibroblasts secrete lots of collagen

creates barrier to blood flow - hepatocytes start to die

26
Q

what di hepatocytes release?

A

albumin, plasma proteins and clotting factors

27
Q

what is hepatocyte cytoplasm full of

A

organelles as high biosynthetic and degradative activity

28
Q

how does bile leave the hepatocyte

A

down bile canaliculi which are small channels between hepatocytes

29
Q

what are bile salts ssynthesised from

A

cholesterol

30
Q

How do bile salts work

A

emulsify fats and act as a detergent, help fats mix with aqueous env as enzymes that process them are water sol

31
Q

what bile pigments are there and where do they come from

A

bilirubin and biliverdin

from breakdown of Hb

32
Q

what can cause centrilobular necrosis

A

if blood contains phosphorus

33
Q

what does the gall bladder do

A

stores and concentrates bile

34
Q

capcity of gall bladder

A

50 ml bile

35
Q

what pumps does the gall bladder have and how do they work?

A

Na/K ATPase pump, pumps ions on basal and lateral membrane and water follows

36
Q

how does the gall bladder release its contents

A

STIMULATED BY CONTRACTION OF A MUSCLE LAYER STIMULATED BY THE PEPTIDE CALLED CHOLECYSTOKININ

37
Q

where is cholecystokinin released from

A

duodenal cells in response to acidic contents of emptying stomach

38
Q

what are the action of CCK

A

inhibits gastric emptying by acting on the stomach and pylorus

39
Q

what is the epitithelium in the gall bladder like and why

A

tall, simple columnar with irregular brush border

increases SA for ion transport across epithelium

GI tract (2 decks)

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