Liver and friends Flashcards
What are the functions of the liver?
- oestrogen regulation
- detoxification
- metabolises carbohydrates
- albumin production
- clotting factor production
- bilirubin regulation
- immunity → Kupffer cells in reticuloendothelial system
Acute presentation of liver failure
- malaise
- nausea
- anorexia
- jaundice
rare
- confusion
- bleeding
- pain
- hypoglycaemia
Chronic presentation of liver failure (11)
- ascites
- oedema
- Dupuytren’s contracture
- malaise
- anorexia
- clubbing
- palmar erythema
- xanthelasma
- spider naevi
- hepatomegaly
- bleeding → haematemesis, easy bruising
Progression of chronic liver disease
- chronic liver condition
- liver damage
- liver symptoms
- liver cirrhosis if prolonged
- liver failure and higher risk of HCC
What bloods can be done to investigate liver failure?
- liver function tests LFTs
- liver hepatic enzymes
What can be measured in LFTs?
- serum bilirubin
- serum albumin
- prothrombin time → INR
serum albumin and PT = best indicators of liver function
What can be measured in liver hepatic enzymes?
aminotransferases
- leak into blood when hepatocytes are damaged
- AST
- ALT → more specific in disease
alkaline phosphate ALP
- raised in intra/extra hepatic cholestatic disease of any cause
gamma-glutamyl transferase GGT
What is liver failure?
liver loses its ability to repair and regenerate leading to decomposition
decomposition
- hepatic encephalopathy
- abnormal bleeding
- ascites
- jaundice
Causes of liver failure
- infection → viral hepatitis
- metabolic → Wilson’s, A1AT
- autoimmune → PBC, PSC
- neoplastic → HCC, metastatic disease
- vascular → Budd Chiari, ischaemia
- toxins → PCM, alcohol
Signs of liver failure
- jaundice
- coagulopathy
- hepatic encephalopathy
- fetor hepaticus = sweet and musty breath/urine
Investigations for liver failure
clinical examination
bloods
- raised PT/AST/ALT
- toxicology screen
- FBC, U&E
if ascites present → peritoneal tap with M&C
Management of liver failure
- fluids
- supportive measures
- treat complications
- transplant
How do you treat the complications of liver failure?
- ascites → diuretics
- cerebral oedema → mannitol
- bleeding → vitamin K
- encephalopathy → lactulose
- sepsis → sepsis 6, Abs
- hypoglycaemia → dextrose
What is alcoholic liver disease
effect of long term excessive consumption on liver
- alcoholic related fatty liver
- drinking leads to build up of fat in liver
- reverses in 2 weeks if drinking stops - alcoholic hepatitis
- long term drinking → inflammation in liver sites
- mild version is reversible - cirrhosis
- liver made of scar tissue
- irreversible
Investigations for alcoholic liver disease
- bloods
- US/CT/MRI liver
- endoscopy for varices
- DIAGNOSTIC = liver biopsy
What blood results might you see in alcoholic liver disease
- raised ALT/AST/PT
- markedly raised GGT
- raised ALP in later stages
Management of alcoholic liver disease
- stop drinking
- nutritional support
- steroids improve short term outcomes
- treat complications
- transplant
What are the complications of alcoholic liver disease?
- Wernicke-Korsakoff encephalopathy
- acute/chronic pancreatitis
- oesophageal varices
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
- alcohol excess = B1 deficiency
- presents with ataxia, confusion, nystagmus, memory impairment
- treatment = IV thiamine, no alcohol
What is NAFLD?
- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- chronic metabolic syndrome relating to processing and storing energy
- increases risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes
Stages of NAFLD
- healthy
- steatosis
- steatohepatitis
- fibrosis
- cirrhosis
Risk factors for NAFLD (7)
- obesity
- poor diet, low activity
- T2DM
- high cholesterol
- middle age onwards
- smoking
- high BP
Clinical presentation of NAFLD
- asymptomatic
- N,D&V
- hepatomegaly
Investigations for NAFLD
- US liver for steatosis
- biopsy = DIAGNOSTIC
fibrosis
- enhanced liver fibrosis blood test
- NAFLD fibrosis score
- fibroscan
Management of NAFLD
- weight loss
- exercise
- stop smoking
- control diabetes, BP, cholesterol
- avoid alcohol
- treat fibrosis with vitE or pioglitazone
What investigations should be performed after abnormal LFTs
- US liver
- hepB and C serology
- autoantibodies → autoimmune hep, PBC, PSC
- immunoglobulins → autoimmune hep, PBC
- caeruloplasmin → Wilson’s
- A1AT levels
- ferritin and transferrin saturation → hereditary haemochromatosis
What type of virus is hepA?
RNA
- rarer
- developing world
How is HepA transmitted?
faecal-oral transmission
- contaminated food
- fly vectors
Pathophysiology of HepA
- acute infection
- usually cleared by host immune system
Presentation of HepA
- non specific symptoms → nausea, anorexia, malaise
after 1-2 weeks → liver symptoms
- jaundice
- hepatomegaly
- skin rash
Investigations for HepA
LFTs
- raised ALT, bilirubin
- serology
Treatment for HepA
- vaccine available
- treatment often not required
- generally supportive
Complications for HepA
- rare
- acute liver failure
What type of virus is HepB?
DNA
- present worldwide
Pathophysiology of HepB
- acute infection infects hepatocyte
- usually cleared by cellular response
chronic HBV
- if HBsAg >6 months
- depends on age/immunocompetence
- inflammation can last 10 years → cirrhosis
Presentation of HepB
- similar acute infection
- if chronic, then signs of cirrhosis → jaundice, pruritus etc
Investigations for HepB
- LFTs, serology
if Ag after 6 months, confirm chronic HBV
Treatment for HepB
- vaccine available → at risk
- antiviral treatment → tenofovir = pegylated interferon alpha 2a
Complications of HepB
if chronic, increased risk of cirrhosis, HCC
What type of virus is HepC
RNA
- more common in UK
How is HepB transmitted?
- blood products → IVDU
- sexually → MSM
How is HepC transmitted?
blood/blood products → IVDU>sexually
Pathophysiology of HepC
- acute infection often asymptomatic → allows progression to chronic
- chronic HCV causes slowly progressive fibrosis
Presentation of HepC
- acute = asymptomatic
- later on = signs of chronic liver disease
Investigations for HepC
- LFTs, serology
- if Ag after 6 months, confirm chronic HCV
Treatment for HepC
- revolutionising from interferon based regimens to directly acting antiviral agents
- Ribavirin = expensive
Complications of HepC
- chronic liver disease
- HCC