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608 Organ Systems Path > Liver > Flashcards

Liver Flashcards

1
Q

3 Portals of Entry to the Liver

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Hematogenous
  3. Biliary (retrograde)
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2
Q

Hematogenous entry

A

typically transported from the GI tract from the portal vasculature, but can from systemic or fetal circulation

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3
Q

Two Big Components of Immune System in the Liver

A

Kupffer cells and IgA

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4
Q

Two Big Categories for Patterns of Injury

A
  1. Random
  2. Zonal
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5
Q

random injury appearance and origin

A

scattered, variably sized areas typically from a hematogenous source

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6
Q

Hallmark feature of zonal injury?

A

accentuated reticular pattern

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7
Q

Is zonal injury and acute or chronic process?

A

acute

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8
Q

5 Subtypes of Zonal Injury

A
  1. Centrilobular
  2. Paracentral
  3. Midzonal
  4. Periportal
  5. Bridging
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9
Q

What subtype of zonal injury is the most common?

A

centrilobular

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10
Q

centrilobular injury

A

the lowest oxygen levels, where toxins will activate when they’re broken down - MOST COMMON zonal injury pattern

causes include hypoxia and acetaminophen

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11
Q

periportal injury

A

uncommon, of hematogenous origin, usually due to DIRECT ACTING toxicants (don’t have to be broken down prior to causing injury)

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12
Q

Congenital Portosystemic Shunt

A

singular large caliber anomaly where the portal blood enters the systemic veins because it bypasses the liver

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13
Q

2 Types of Congenital PSS

A
  1. Intrahepatic
  2. Extrahepatic
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14
Q

Intrahepatic PSS

A

less common, ductus venosus, LARGE dogs

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15
Q

Extrahepatic PSS

A

much more common, seen in small breed dogs

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16
Q

labwork abnormalities with congenital PSS

A

high blood ammonia and ammonium biurate crystals in the kidney

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17
Q

Do congenital PSS develop portal hypertension?

A

no, there’s no gradient

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18
Q

Most common cause of impaired venous outflow/chronic passive congestion?

A

heart failure!

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19
Q

Does impaired venous outflow in the liver lead to portal hypertension?

A

duh

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20
Q

NUTMEG LIVER

A

sign of centrilobular/passive congestion (Note the periportal pallor)

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21
Q

How do animals get acquired PSS?

A

high portal pressure, tiny vessels dilate and become tortuous, gradient develops - this is uncommon

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22
Q

Telangiectasis/Peliosis Hepatitis

A

dilated sinusoids and blood filled spaces which is an INCIDENTAL finding in the liver (most common in cattle)

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23
Q

Is stenosis/lipidosis reversible?

A

yes

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24
Q

Pathogenesis of Hepatic lipidosis?

A

triglyceride overload without enough protein for adequate export from the liver (think anorexic fat cats)

25
Q

When might you see hepatic lipidosis in a goat?

A

late gestation

26
Q

Tension Lipidosis

A

an INCIDENTAL finding in cattle and horses where tension from fibrous connections collapses the sinusoids so without the blood flow the liver accumulates fat

27
Q

Normal color for a liver?

A

mahogany

28
Q

Steroid Hepatopathy

A

hepatocytes fill with glycogen; big brown/tan firm liver on necropsy

29
Q

Can hepatocytes regenerate?

A

yes, quite quickly actually up to 75% and result in nodules if fibrosis occurs

30
Q

stellate cell function in fibrosis

A

the stellate cells transform into myofibroblasts

31
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic diffuse process from repetitive injury and bridging fibrosis –> nodular regeneration

32
Q

5 Causes of Cirrhosis

A
  1. toxicosis
  2. biliary disease
  3. chronic passive congestion
  4. inherited metal metabolism (copper)
  5. chronic hepatitis
33
Q

Manifestations of Liver Failure

A

high blood ammonia (hepatic encephalopathy), clotting disorders, ascites, hyperbilirubinemia (icterus), cutaneous lesions

34
Q

Clotting Factors affected by Liver Failure

A

V, VII, IX, X

35
Q

Clinical Sign of Hyperbilirubinemia

A

icterus/jaundice

36
Q

Main Sign of Acute Hepatitis

A

hepatocellular necrosis and suppurative exudate - NO fibrosis (obviously, it’s acute)

37
Q

2 Etiologies of Chronic Hepatitis

A
  1. Persistence of infectious agent
  2. Persistence of antigenic stimulation
38
Q

cholangitis

A

inflammation of cholangial LUMENS associated with fibrosis and bacterial translocation from the gut

39
Q

cholangiohepatitis

A

inflammation is centered around cholangioles but also spreads out into hepatocytes

40
Q

What virus can cause “blue eye?”

A

Canine adenovirus 1

blue eye is corneal edema which occurs during recovery

41
Q

Herpesvirus

A

typically affects neonates, causes abortion; sudden multifocal necrosis (white dots)

42
Q

Equine Serum Hepatitis (Theiler’s Disease) is caused by what?

A

flavivirus

43
Q

What bacteria causes target lesions on the liver surface in sheep and goats?

A

Campylobacter fetus

44
Q

Clostridium piliforme

A

known as Tyzzer’s disease, causes necrosis and stacks of intracellular filamentous bacteria!

45
Q

Is tularemia zoonotic?

A

oh yeah, close er up

46
Q

Clostridium haemolyticum

A

spores reside in cattle liver and then the Fascioloides flukes cause liver damage and hemoglobinuria

47
Q

Is Mycobacterium bovis zoonotic?

A

also yes - causes large multifocal granulomatous hepatitis

48
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum

A

grain overload causes rumen acidosis and then it spreads to liver, abscesses form, animals die from pulmonary hemorrhage

49
Q

milk spots

A

seen in pig livers and are caused by chronic ascarid larval migration with fibrosis

50
Q

Where do mature Fascioloides hepatica live?

A

in the bile ducts!

51
Q

Eimeria steidae

A

coccidia parasite in RABBITS which causes biliary hyperplasia

52
Q

Results of chronic pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis in cattle?

A

biliary hyperplasia, fibrosis, hepatomegalocytosis, photosensitization

53
Q

What causes chronic aflatoxicosis?

A

moldy corn (Aspergillus)

54
Q

Copper and Bedlington Terriers

A

a mutation COMMD1 causes excessive copper accumulation

55
Q

Sheep and Copper

A

the sheep get into cattle feed, it accumulates, causes intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuric nephrosis

56
Q

Appearance of hepatocellular carcinoma in dogs?

A

single mass in the left lateral liver lobe; multilobulated, gross margins

57
Q

Most common liver neoplasm in cats?

A

cholangiocarncinoma

58
Q

Most common liver metastatic neoplasm in dogs?

A

hemangiosarcoma

608 Organ Systems Path (5 decks)

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