Lithosphere

Question 1

Explain plucking?

Answer 1

Ice moulds itself to the walls and loose rocks are pulled out

Question 2

Explain abrasion (glacial)

Answer 2

Rocks are embedded in ice and rubs against the ground like sandpaper, smoothing the land

Question 3

Explain frost shattering

Answer 3

Water seeps into cracks in rocks and freezes, causing it to expand and crack the rocks further

Question 4

How is a glacier formed?

Answer 4

Snow falls in a north facing hollow where it collects and compacts. Air is squeezed out over time and forms firn/neve

Question 5

Explain the formation of a corrie

Answer 5

Explain glacier formation

Ice builds up and is pulled downslope due to gravity and its weight and leaves back wall steep and jagged due to plucking

Rotational flow pulls over lip creating possible deposition and a lip (weird right?)

Question 6

Explain the formation of an arête

Answer 6

Explain formation of glacier and corrie

A sharp ridge where two corries form back to back or side to side when the back walls erode close together

Question 7

Explain the formation of pyramidal peak

Answer 7

Explain formation of glacier and corrie

Left jagged by frost shattering. Where 3 or more corries form back to back.

Question 8

Explain the formation of a U-shaped valley

Answer 8

Explain glacier formation

Glaciers flow from river valleys which deepens and widens them

V-shaped valley spurs are left as truncated

Valley streams return to over deepened valleys, forming misfit streams

Glaciers with less erosive power form hanging valleys, often with waterfalls. Found in Windermere

Question 9

Explain formation of a drumlin

Answer 9

Drumlins are formed from glacial till.
Stoss end is steeper and used to face into ice flow. Lee slope is not as steep and becomes lower as you move away from source of ice.

Ice became overloaded with sediment and the glacier had less power. This meant material is deposited.

Drumlin shape moulded as ice was still moving over it, but it may have been eroded by more ice after

Question 10

Explain terminal moraine

Answer 10

Marks furthest extent of ice. Ice melts at front end of glacier and the glacier loses power. Melting ice deposits till. Unsorted and angular rocks. Longer glacier is in the same place, larger terminal moraine is.

Meltwater flowing through through moraine carries smaller and rounder materials. Material is deposited beyond glacier and sorted. Bigger material is closer to moraine, smaller are far away. Forms outwash plans.

Question 11

Lateral and medial moraines

Answer 11

Lateral develop along edges of an advancing glacier.

When two valleys meet a medial moraine is formed when the two lateral moraines meet.

Lateral moraines usually collapse when glacier retreats

Question 12

Explain the formation of an Esker

Answer 12

Meltwater stream flows in a tunnel beneath a melting ice sheet.

Stream carries and deposits moraine, filling up tunnel.

When ice melts, ridge of moraine is left in the shape of stream’s tunnel

Question 13

Explain longshore drift

Answer 13

Waves approach beach at an angle the same as the prevailing wind. Swash carries material up the beach at the angle of the prevailing wind and backwash carries the material back out to sea at a 90° angle due to gravity.

Question 14

Explain the formation of a spit

Answer 14

Explain longshore drift
Spit forms when water deposits more material than it erodes. This causes sediment to be moved up the beach due to longshore drift. This continues until the land turns away, causing the sediment to be deposited out to sea, forming a spit.

Question 15

Explain formation of bar

Answer 15

Explain longshore drift
Explain spit
Sediment continues to be deposited across the bay and eventually meets up with the other side, forming a bar and a lagoon behind it

Question 16

Explain formation of a tombolo

Answer 16

Explain longshore drift
Explain spit
A tombolo forms if sediment is deposited out to sea and reaches an island