Literature Review Flashcards
What location are eccrine sweat glands located in the mouse?
Exclusively on the digits and footpads of the paws
What is the concept of health span versus lifespan?
Duration of relative health as compared to symptomatic clinical decline in aging populations.
What are the two most common end point criteria for aging mice?
Body weight and temperature
Ovariectomy is used as a model of what human aging condition?
Menopause
Name an ovitoxic chemical used in the study of menopause.
4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD)
What is a drawback of surgical models of menopause?
Surgical models do not allow for gradual onset of naturally occurring dz
What type of drug is naltrexone.
Competitive opioid blocker (antagonist)
How is avian air exchange different than the mammalian air exchange?
Avian respiration has unidirectional airflow and gas exchange occurs in a cross-current manner
What are important management practices in controlling tularemia in outdoor housed monkeys?
Control feral rodent populations and arthropod vectors; control measures include minimizing weeds surrounding outdoor enclosures and minimizing food waste
What are the clinical signs of metabolic syndrome?
Insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, hypertension
Name 3 methods to create a stroke model
Surgical occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, injection of Rose Bengal and photo coagulation, injection of methylmethacrylate, and endovascular catheter occlusion
What methods have been used to develop transgenic rabbits
Most have been produced by pronuclear injection; some have been produced by sperm-mediated gene transfer or genetic cloning
What are the most commonly used tests for herpes B?
ELISA is most sensitive & western blot is most specific
What are advantages of baculovirus antigen production systems?
Technique is safer than growing B virus, provides a more pure AG prep, more objective data than western blot
What common lab rodent models human parturition most closely?
Guinea pig: maternal levels of progesterone do not fall at term in GPs and humans, but the do in rats & mice
What are the most likely mouse strains affected by Corynebacterium bovis and what is the characteristic histologic lesion?
Nudes, SCIDs - immunodeficiency
Orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia, and scarce mononuclear cell and PMN infiltrate
What is the primary differential diagnosis for microcytic, hypochromic anemia?
Iron-deficiency
What does serum ferritin represent?
Correlates with total body iron stores in liver, macrophages, & bone marrow
Name five tests used in the diagnosis of fur mites?
PCR, fur pluck, skin scrape, stick paper technique, stereomicroscopic pelt examination, cellophane tape test
Explain how Xenopus frogs have adapted to deal with ingestion of noxious substances.
They can regurgitate and evert their gastric and esophageal mucosa through their mouth to wipe it clean of noxious substances. Chemicals, radiation, and mechanical stimulation can also induce this response
What is the purpose of placing marbles in zebra fish tanks?
They are used in breeding tanks to protect eggs from adult fish cannibalization
What is the common name for Artemia spp?
Brine shrimp….zebra fish food
What type of drug is MS222 & what is its mechanism of action?
Local anesthetic - sodium channel blocker
Other than genetic predisposition, what other factors contribute to the development of MUD?
Ectoparasites, age, sex, environmental factors (humidity, temp, season), high fat diet, immune complex vasculitis, age at weaning, deficiencies in Vit A, chronic inflammation
What are some reported treatments for MUD.?
Most effective treatment approaches involve interrupting the inflammatory process, secondary infection, or the pain associated with inflammation….cyclosporine, calamine lotion, topical lidocaine, carprofen, diphenhydramine, antibiotics, astringents, and Vit E. None are curative
What are the two most common horizontally transmitted viruses in academic research colonies.
Murine norovirus & mouse parvovirus
What is the best sentinel strain for MPV?
CD-1 or ICR
T/F: broadly speaking, scientific evidence suggests that space per se has little effect on reproductive parameters and that aggression may actually decrease with increasing housing density.
True
T/F: in contrast to MVM, no pathology in terms of clinical disease or histologic lesions has been observed in mice experimentally or naturally infected with MPV
True
What is the defect in Zucker rats that makes them susceptible to diabetes?
Zucker rats have a leptin receptor defect and genetically reduced insulin promoter activity
Name 4 rat models of diabetes.
Zucker, GK, ZDF, ZSF1, BB Wistar, streptozotocin or alloxan treatment
T/F: The risk of anesthetic fatality in dogs and cats is about the same as in humans
False - human risk is 0.01%, dogs & cats risk is estimated at 2%
What are the physical parameters used in a tissue dissolver?
High pH (KOH) and high temperature (95.5C)
What infectious agents are resistant to high temp decontamination?
Prions
How are 13-line ground squirrels used as research models?
Used to study diurnal vision and a functional reliance on cone photoreceptors, hypometabolism, hypothermia, starvation, diabetes, and CNS trauma.
What is the standard method to determine the stage of the rat estrus cycle?
Evaluation of vaginal smears
What is OSHA’s 8 hour time weighted average (TWA) for occupational exposure to ammonia?
Less than 25ppm
Describe the husbandry requirements for axolotls.
They live entirely in water. Water temp should be 12-20C. Hiding places should be provided to minimize aggression among animals. They eat a variety of foods, including pellets to feed trout and salmon, bloodworms, earthworms, waxworms, and feeder fish.
What type of tooth is a rodent incisor?
Hypsodont - there is a large portion of enamel above the gum line that wears continuously. Present in ungulates and horses. GP molars are hypsodont
Pigs share bunodont, brachydont, diphyodont, and normodont dentition with people. Define these terms.
Bunodont: provided with rounded conical cusps
Brachydont: the teeth have short crowns, well developed roots and a narrow root canal –> opposite of hypsodont
Diphyodont: having two set of teeth (deciduous & permanent)
Normodont: teeth become permanent
Define translational research
Research paradigm for research alternative to the dichotomy of basic and applied research. It tis often applied in the domain of medicine but has a more general applicability as a distinct research approach.
How many species of leptospirosis have been characterized on the molecular level? Name the four most common species.
17 - gryppotyphosa, autumnalis, bratislava, pomona
How can congenital muscular dystrophy be definitely diagnosed?
IHC of fresh muscle tissue with dystrophy-associated antibodies or immunoblotting of muscle extracts
What is the infectious agent in TVT?
The tumor cells themselves are contagious. TVT tumor cells secrete substantial amounts of TGF-beta, which down-regulates MHC class I immune responses and directly inhibits NK cells
Name another transmissible tumor that has the same mode of transmission as TVT.
Devil facial tumor disease of Tasmanian devils. There are reports of human transmissible tumors.
What is Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
Lung worm of cats. Treated with topical 10% imidacloprid + 1% moxidectin or oral fenbendazole; IVM lacks efficacy
What is Trixacarus caviae?
Important cause of dermatitis in GPs
o Sarcoptic mange mite of GPs that can cause urticarial in humans
o Produces intense pruritis with excoriations over neck, shoulders, inner thighs, and abdomen
o Mites burrow into stratum corneum – not follicles
o Tx = 0.2-0.5mg/kg IVM 2X q7-10d
T/F: addiction is associated with the positive reward centers nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area
True
T/F: extinction as a method of treatment for addictive behaviors involves the erasure of old memories
False: extinction involves the formation of new memories that inhibit the existing memory
Which sex is more susceptible to cocaine addiction? What is a possible cause for this difference?
Females: estrogenic effects on reward centers in the brain contribute to this difference. Other factors such as depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and arousal may contribute.
Name two functional brain imaging techniques used in drug addiction and obesity research.
Functional MRI (fMRI) measures distorted signal around certain ratios of oxygenated and unoxygenated Hgb. Positron emission tomography involves administration of positron emitting radiotracers and subsequent visualization and quantification of uptake of such tracers in biologic tissues. The tracer is often radioactive glucose - Fluoro-Deoxy-Glucose (FDG) labeled with fluorine-18
What is the most common neoplastic condition of zebrafish?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Explain how male and female zebrafish may be distinguished
Females have a larger, light silver belly that protrudes from the body in the cranial region (d/t eggs)
Males typically lack the protruding belly and have a gold-reddish hue
Name three ways in which the environment can change the epigenome.
DNA methylation, histone tail modification, chromatin remodeling, and microRNA gene regulation
In what rodent model is dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) used?
Ulcerative colitis
DSS is a surfactant irritant
Identify a dye commonly used in permeability studies.
Evans’s Blue given IV will leak out of permeable blood vessels.
What is celiac disease and describe the pathogenesis.
Celiac disease is a malabsorptive enteropathy resulting from intolerance to gluten. Environmental factors and the gut microbiota are suggested to have critical roles in the onset. The CD71 IgA receptor on epithelial cells is responsible for abnormal retro-trancytosis of IgA-gluten peptide complexes from the intestinal lumen into the lamina propria, inducing intestinal inflammation.
What is the etiology of amyloidosis?
Amyloidosis is a protein conformational disorder characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid fibrils derived from various proteins.
What lab animal species develop spontaneous amyloidosis?
Syrian hamsters, mice, macaques
What stain is used to detect amyloid?
Congo Red
Define dystonia
Disabling movement disorder characterized by involuntary, sustained muscle contractions with repetitive twisting movement and abnormal postures
Name two commonly used rodent models of depression
Learned helplessness, forced swim test, tail suspension test
With regard to rodent models of depression, what is learned helplessness?
A model in which rodents exposed to repeated shocks from which they cannot escape will stop trying escape. Learned helplessness is when rodents show a decrease in escape behavior when exposed to the same situation in the absence of shock.
What is the definition of a pheromone?
Any substance that is secreted by a member of a species that communicates with other members of the same species. They often evoke specific or generalized behaviors.
What are kairomones?
Substances that selectively provides an advantage to the receiver without benefiting the emitter…these are mostly interspecies effects. Involved in predator - prey communication.
What is an allomone?
A pheromone signal that benefits the emitter, but not the receiver.
You see a slide of mouse tissue with syncytial cells….what should be your first thought?????
MHV
What infectious agent causes ulcerative lesions on the face of rabbits?
Treponema paraluiscuniculi
Name five viral species that produce skin lesions in rhesus macaques.
Poxviridae, papillomaviridae, herpesviridae, paramyxoviridae (morbillivurus), retroviridae (lentivirus)
What are the three most common infectious bacterial agents of the GIT of macaques?
Shigella (flexneri or sonnei)
Campylobacter (jejuni or coli)
Yersinia enterocolitica
What is the scientific name for the chinchilla and how are they used in research?
Chinchilla laniger; their large tympanic bullae and easily accessible cochlea and vestibular apparatus allow them to be used in hearing related research.
