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Latin > Literature - pictures > Flashcards

Literature - pictures Flashcards

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Latin flashcards
1
Q

Which texts does picture 1 link to?

A

Ovid - Dipsas raises the dead from their tombs
Petronius’ spooky story

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2
Q

Which texts does picture 2 link to?

A

Dido prepares a curse

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3
Q

Which texts does picture 3 link to?

A

Martial’s epigram - all his animals and mola salsa are used up in sacrifices
Dido surrounds herself with altars when preparing a curse
Suetonius writes about Caesar’s downfall being a result (in part) of his sacrifices

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4
Q

Which texts does picture 4 link to?

A

Martial’s epigram
Suetonius - Spurinna’s (haruspex) duty of reading the sacrifices’ entrails

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5
Q

Which texts does picture 5 link to?

A

Horace’s satirical take on augury

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6
Q

Which texts does picture 6 link to?

A

Horace’s satire about augury

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7
Q

Describe picture 1

A
  • road surrounded by tombs
  • most likely Herculaneum, road leading from Pompeii
  • many of the tombs have inscriptions
  • some would be family tombs
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8
Q

Describe picture 2

A
  • defixio (curse-tablet)
  • Vilbia curse tablet, found in Aquae Sulis (Bath)
  • written on lead to ensure a powerful curse
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9
Q

Describe picture 3

A
  • an altar with an image of a sacrifice
  • a priest with a covered hood can be seen
  • the bull is led in by a man holding an axe
  • the priest stands next to fire, in which they will burn parts of the bull’s corpse as an offering to the Gods
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10
Q

Describe picture 4

A
  • bronze model of a liver
  • detailed instructions on reading omens
  • guide for haruspex when examining sacrifices’ entrails
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11
Q

Describe picture 5

A
  • artwork showing Romulus’ and Remus’ augury
  • deciding who should become the leader of Rome
  • believed to be standing on the Palatine hill, which would become the centre of Rome
  • Romulus sees 12 vultures, while Remus only saw 6
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12
Q

Describe picture 6

A
  • emperor Augustus as an augur
  • holding a litus (augury instrument)
  • also present are the sacred chicken, often consulted in military matters, and two priests with covered heads
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13
Q

Outline the uses and limitations of picture 1 in understanding Roman beliefs about superstition

A

Uses:
- clear interest in preservation of legacy - belief that spirits live on after death
- superstition impacted town planning; spirits must be close to, but not inside the city, to avoid “miasma”

Limitations:
- doesn’t give a proportional representation of society (slaves couldn’t afford tombs)
- can we rely on inscriptions to express common views e.g., ‘when I’m dead, I’m dead’

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14
Q

Outline the uses and limitations of picture 2 in understanding Roman beliefs about superstition

A

Uses:
- commonplace throughout levels of society; high numbers in various locations and varying levels of literacy (some just used pictures)
- common belief in supernatural ability to bring harm
- use of lead; magical properties of metal

Limitations:
- magic words - serious or silly?
- similar to graffiti nowadays? Could it be more of an outlet for emotions rather than a genuine wish for someone to be cursed?
- did they really believe it would work - joke?

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15
Q

Outline the uses and limitations of picture 3 in understanding Roman beliefs about superstition

A

Uses:
- people of high religious importance; respected in society
- indication of exact details
- altar found outside of temple - religious custom
- many similar artefacts; widely held practice

Limitations:
- how often were sacrifices made?
- how were common people involved?
- did Roman society agree with the practice? Was it believed to work?
- may be embellishment of the norm

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16
Q

Outline the uses and limitations of picture 4 in understanding Roman beliefs about superstition

A

Uses:
- haruspex’s duties treated as an intellectual study
- expensive material used + detail on liver
- level of education - literacy required
- consistent interpretation (either for one haruspex or for others)

Limitations:
- scepticism over haruspex’s claims was common
- did common people understand?
- was it integral to superstitious belief? Does everyone believe it?

17
Q

Outline the uses and limitations of picture 5 in understanding Roman beliefs about superstition

A

Uses:
- key moment for Roman society
- leadership of Rome based on augury
- central idea in civilisation

18
Q

Outline the uses and limitations of picture 6 in understanding Roman beliefs about superstition

A

Uses:
- indication of exact details e.g., litus, sacred chicken
- ruler believed in superstition, important figure, central theme in society
- altar outside of temple; religious custom

Limitations:
- how were common people involved?
- was augury generally considered an effective practice by the common people?

19
Q

Picture 1 - info

A
  • tombs close to city so that tombs could easily be visited
  • tombs not inside city to avoid religious pollution or miasma
  • often, these roads would have been dangerous at night due to crime
  • inscriptions on many tombs offer travellers the opportunity to stop and learn about the dead
  • most citizen’s/freedmen invested in these to preserve their legacies
  • offerings may be left to prevent hauntings
  • the festival of ‘Parentalia’ involved dining with the dead in their tombs
20
Q

Picture 2 - info

A
  • found in the sacred spring at Aquae Sulis
  • written on lead to ensure a powerful curse
  • often involved symbols or magic words to enhance the curse - pictures were used by the less literate
  • believed to be commonplace practice through different levels of society
  • normalised custom and part of Roman life
  • often requested dire punishments, written in vengeful and explicit ways
21
Q

Picture 3 - info

A
  • priests would have head coverings
  • various sacrificial bits and pieces were used including mola salsa to enhance the magic
  • the animal must be unblemished and willing (consent was obtained through dripping water on its head)
  • thigh bones and fat would be burnt as offerings to the Gods
  • (not in picture) haruspex would read and interpret the entrails for good/bad omens
22
Q

Picture 4 - info

A
  • model of a sheep’s liver, used as a guide for haruspex when reading entrails
  • inscribed with instructions for reading good/bad omens
  • part of religious custom, though there was scepticism over the haruspex’s claims
  • bronze believed to have magical properties
23
Q

Picture 5 - info

A
  • Romulus and Remus deciding who should become the leader of Rome through augury
  • Remus saw 6 vultures, while Romulus claimed to see 12
  • further stories include a fight, resulting in Romulus’ killing of Remus
  • foundation story of Rome - Palatine hill became the centre of Rome
24
Q

Picture 6 - info

A
  • emperor Augustus seen holding a litus
  • litus: augury instrument used for divining messages from the sky, mainly birds, but also included lightning and weather
  • priests present with covered head
  • sacred chicken often consulted on military matters
  • augurs form a college of priests
25
Q

How do pictures link to divination?

A

P3+4:
- priests (covered hoods) have high authority
- common people may not be involved in the sacrificial rituals
- bronze model of liver used by haruspex
- divination valued highly by these people of religious authority

P5:
- divination used to choose leader of Rome
- entire civilisation built on traditional methods, e.g., augury
- little evidence that common people fully believed or understood these methods

26
Q

How do pictures link to warding off evil?

A

P1:
- tombs kept outside city to prevent religious pollution
-proper burial and festivals prevent hauntings

P3+4 (maybe):
- use sacrifices to receive omens and appease angry Gods

27
Q

How do pictures link to curses?

A

P2:
- defixio (curse-tablet) used to inflict harsh punishments
- widely used throughout levels of Roman society

P3 (maybe):
- sacrifices to prevent curses from Gods

28
Q

How do pictures link to communication with the world of the divine?

A

P2:
- curse-tablets used to send messages to Gods
- magical metals used to enhance powers
- accessible to most of Roman society

P3+4:
- sacrifices used to make requests and appease Gods
- common people’s role unclear

P5+6:
- augury used by important figures to make decisions
- e.g., founding of Rome, civilisation built on these beliefs

29
Q

How do pictures link to the supernatural?

A

P1:
- tombs kept outside city, as believed that spirits would haunt people otherwise
- elaborate tombs and proper burials meant spirits would be happy
- many many people had these, so likely to be popular beliefs

P2:
- curse-tablets send message to beings beyond the natural world
- ask for them to use their powers to bring about events on Earth

Latin (8 decks)

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