Literature

Question 1

In an evaluation of pericardial catheter placement vs needle pericardiocentesis in the management of canine pericardial effusion (JVECC 2020), what were the main findings in regards to procedural times and arrhythmia? What % of the needle pericardiocentesis dogs needed repeat drainage?

Answer 1

No significant difference in mean procedural times, or the rate of new arrhythmias in both
20% of dogs in needle group needed repeat drainage

Question 2

In the investigation of focused cardiac ultrasound in the ER for differentiation of resp/cardiac causes of resp distress in DOGS vs medical history and PE findings, what were the main findings? What was the agreement before and after FOCUS, and was there impovement in differentiation with FOCUS?
(jvecc 2020)

Answer 2

Before FOCUS, overall agreement was 77% vs 86% of dogs after FOCUS. FOCUS did not significantly improve differentiation comapred to medical hx and PE alone.

Question 3

In the investigation of FOCUS and POC NT proBNP in the ER, in the differentation of cardiac vs non cardiac causes of resp distress in CATS, what was the % agreement before and after FOCUS? What was the overall agreement of POC-BNP? Did FOCUS help? (JVECC 2020)

Answer 3

Pre FOCUS - 73% vs after FOCUS 92%
Overall agreement of POC BNP 94%
FOCUS significantly improved ability to differntiate between cardiac/noncardiac dz

Question 4

In a case series from JVECC 2020 evaluating resolution of caval syndrome during initial hemodynamic stabilisation in dogs with HWD, what is the normal success rate with sx extraction? What were these dogs treated with? WHen was spontaneous HW migration (hours? days?) detected? Do the authors recommend this. approach?

Answer 4

normal success rate 50-67%
treated with sildenfail, fluid, supplemental O2, pimobendan.
migration was detected from 2 h to 5 days after treatment. authors do not recommend this in place of current recommendations.

Question 5

In the preliminary evaluation of MagSulf for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in 16 dogs, in a paper from JVECC 2020 - what were the main findings?

Answer 5

Decreased ventricular beats and HR, increased ionised Mg

Question 6

In a 2021 JVECC case report a dog was treated for prolonged refractory vfib during sx for a PDA and achieved ROSC after one round of defib failed. What anti-arrhythmic was used?

Answer 6

Magnesium, followed by a single monophasic defib attempt was successful at achieving ROSC.

Question 7

In a case series from JVECC 2021 looking at lidocaine administration in four dogs with SVTs, when can lidocaine be used for non ventricular tachyarrhythmias? What were the adverse effects?

Answer 7

For SVTs - vagally mediated AF, orthodromic AV reciprocating tachycardia - may respond to lidocaine. Adverse effects - both developed ventricular tachyarrhythmias. One dog went into vfib and died.

Question 8

In a comparison of in hospital continuous ECG vs recordable holter monitoring in dogs with ventricular arrhythmias, what were the main findings? JVECC 2021

Answer 8

Weak agreement between arrhythmia grades assessed by ICU technicians +hourly 1 min observations, with recordable holter monitoring

Question 9

JVECC 2021 - in the evaluation of the use of esmolol for control of tachycardia in 28 dogs and cats, what were the main indications for use? In how many animals was a reduction in HR by 20% achieved and which animals were most likely to be in this group?

Answer 9

Main indications for use - SVT, sinus tach, vtach, afib
Heart rate reduction of at least 20% was achieved in 46% of cases
Animals with toxicoses were more likely to be in this group

Question 10

In a 2022 JVECC paper looking at the CV effects of IV pimo in dogs with resp acidosis, what were its effects on patients with hypercapnia and eucapnia? CO, HR, SVR?

Answer 10

Pimobendan increased CO in both hypercapnic and eucapnic patients. It also increased HR and SVR and PVR. Maintains function as an inodilator in anaesthetised dogs with resp acidosis.

Question 11

In a prospective evaluation of novel biomarkers of AKI in dogs following cardiac sx with bypass, which biomarkers were found to be possible early biomarkers of AKI?

Answer 11

Inosine and uCysB

Question 12

In a retrospective evaluation of dogs with left atrial rupture secondary to MMVD and dogs with neoplastic cardiac tamponade, what was higher in the LAR group vs the NCT group? Was there a difference in survival time after d/c?

Answer 12

Pulmonary oedema frequency (43% vs 0)
Ineffetiveness of pericardiocentesis (58 vs 2)
MOrtality rate within 48 hours was higher 35 to 9%
There was no difference in survival time after discharge.

Question 13

In a 2020 JVECC paper looking at CPAP provision with a pediatric helmet in the tx of hypoxemic acute resp failure in dogs, what showed a significant improvement between T0 (arrival) and T1 (1 hour after helmet)

Answer 13

PaO2, P(A-a)O2, PF ratio, SO2
Fshunt decreased signficantly

Question 14

In a survey from JVECC 2020 looking at quality of life following MV in dogs and cats, some of the pets had persistent QOL concerns reported. What had they been ventilated for?

Answer 14

Neurological dz

Question 15

In a study from JVECC re identification of VAP in dogs and evaluation of empirical antimicrobial therapy (13 cases) - what were the recommendations? What diagnostic findings helped to support a diagnosis of VAP?

Answer 15

Recommendations to obtain bacterial cultures at the start of MV and at 48 hours - a diagnosis of VAP shd be suspected in patients with new bacterial isolate identified by ETL at 48 h. Radiographic changes and increased WBC can help support a dx of VAP.

Question 16

In a study looking at HFNC oxygen therapy in 22 dogs (for acute hypoxemic resp failure requiring oxygen support escalation), what % of dogs responded to HFNC by 30 mins? Overall waht was the survival rate? Was there a difference in arterio-venous PCO2 from T0 to after?

Answer 16

60% responded by 30 minutes, overall survival rate of 45%. No clinical airleak. No difference in PCO2

Question 17

In the evaluation of HFNO therapy during recovery for brachycephalic patients (JVECC) post GA, what were the main changes noteDd?

Answer 17

Aerophagia, PCO2. howver reduction in dyspnoea scores.

Question 18

In another study using helmet continuous positive pressure -> to assess laryngeal size by CT, what increased?

Answer 18

Laryngeal volume, cross sectional area of the larynx

Question 19

In a survey looking at the freq/severity of resp compromise of brachycephalic dogs in the ICU, how many BCDs developed resp compromise?

Answer 19

20% :(

Question 20

In a JVECC study investigating the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in 49 dogs with pneumonia, was NLR useful in predicting outcome? What was a good measure of survival outcome?

Answer 20

NLR not useful. % bands and lymphocyte counts were useful - survivors had lower % bands and higher lymphocyte counts than nonsurvivors.

Question 21

JVECC: in a retrospective evaluation for negative pulmonary pressure oedema in 35 dogs what was the most common cause of NPPE? What was the median length of hospitalisation? What was the survival to discharge vs the dogs that were mechanically ventilated? What was the parameter associated with mortality?

Answer 21

Most common - accidental choking
Median length of hosp - 2 days
Survival to d/c: 80% vs only 29% for MV patients
Mortality - MV

Question 22

In a JVECC paper looking at complications associated with long term PPV in 67 dogs, what were the most commonly recorded complications?

Answer 22

hypothermia, hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, positive fluid balance, oral lesions, corneal ulcerations

Question 23

Caffeine was used as a respiratory stimulant in a cat being weaned off the vent (MG treatment). JVECC case report. How much was given?

Answer 23

12 mg/kg IV over 24 h

Question 24

A case series in JVECC reported the use of the wedge sign which was a possible lung ultrasound sign for…….?
Where would this wedge sign be located?

Answer 24

PTE; in nongravity dependent caudodorsal and perihilar lung regions.

Question 25

In a retrospective evaluation of the outcome and prognosis of undergoing PPV due to cardiac and non-cardiac causes in dogs and cats (101 cases) - did more patients with CHF or control (noncardiac) get weaned off and survive to discharge? What was the difference in >2 month survival?

Answer 25

More patients with LCHF were weaned off the vent and survived to discharge compared to non-cardiac causes, but only 54% of the LCHF patients survived beyond 2 months whereas 100% of the non-cardiac patients survived beyond 2 months.

Question 26

In a retrospective evaluation of the outcome and prognosis of undergoing PPV due to cardiac and non-cardiac causes in dogs and cats (101 cases) in JVECC - what ere the factors negatively assoc with survival in dogs? how about in cats?

Answer 26

CPR for both CHF and NC patients; azotemia for the LCHF patients only.
In cats (+dogs as well), anaemia was associated with neg survival in the control group.

Question 27

In a retrospective evaluation of carboxy Hb and metHb levels in dogs and cats with resp dz - was there a positive association between any of these variables?

Answer 27

Only perhaps between COHb and resp disease in dogs. No association between COHb and resp in cats, or MetHb and resp dz in both spp.

Question 28

In a paper in JVECC 2020 looking at male cats with UO, did a single decompressive cystocentesis prior to catheterisation lead to abdominal effusion? How many cats in the study had abdominal effusion at presentation?

Answer 28

Did not lead to clinically significant abdominal effusion or complications. 33% of cats already had abdo effusion at presentation.

Question 29

In a study (JVECC 2020) retrospectively evaluating indwelling catheter type in cats with UO, what was the recurrence rate of UO? What was the difference between the 3.5 Argyle vs red rubber?

Answer 29

Recurrence rate at 30 days was 11%. THere was no difference in recurrence between cats with diff catheter types.

Question 30

IN a JVECCs study evaluating urinary tract changes in cats with UO, what lesions were present and which clinpath finding paralleled which anatomical lesions?

Answer 30

Lesions were found in the bladder, urethra and kidneys. Severity of renal and urinary lesions paralleled hyperK severity.

Question 31

What technique was investigated as a novel insertion technique for female dogs?

Answer 31

Seldinger technique

Question 32

What substance was identified as a likely toxic component in tamarinds and what other common toxin is it also found in?

Answer 32

Tartaric acid - also found in raisin/grapes

Question 33

In a JVECC paper looking at aetiology/prognosis for dogs with abnormal BG in the emergency room, what diseases was hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia mot commonly associated with? What was survival rate like in hyper vs hypoglycemia vs normoglycemia?

Answer 33

Hyperglycemia - GI, trauma, neoplasia, resp disease; hypoglycemia - sepsis, GI, neoplasia. Dysglycemia assoc with higher mortality than same population of dogs with normoglycemia (hypoglycemia > hyper > normo)

Question 34

Paper in JVECC 2021 comparing glargine vs regular insulin protocol in feline DKA - what was the median time to the primary endpoint for each group (normalisation of BHB < 2.55)? What was the difference in survival groups?

Answer 34

The CRI took 42 hours to noramlise whereas glargine protocol took 30 hours. Significantly shorter in the glargine group. there was no difference in survivl groups

Question 35

A JVECC 2020 paper evaluated novel non-surgical post-pyloric feeding technique in dogs with severe AKI compared to traditional oesophageal tube placement. What was the goal in this study (RER%) and how many dogs was this achieved in? Was there a difference in body weight loss between groups?

Answer 35

130% RER in 3 days - achieved in 13/20 dogs. Dogs lost 1.2% body weight per day - no difference between groups

Question 36

In a JVECC paper looking at neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic biomarker in puppies with acute diarrhoea, in which groups was NLR significantly higher?

Answer 36

Acute diarrhoea group (vs control)
SIRS + group (vs SIRS neg)

Question 37

In a JVECC paper looking at the retrospective evaluation of GI FB in 82 dogs what were the pre-sx predictors for enterectomy vs enterotomy?

Answer 37

Dogs with increased HR or increasd vomiting severity score at presentation

Question 38

JVECC 2020 - study looked at assessment of changes in blood pancreatic lipase activities using FDCvLIP in dogs to detect post operative acute pancreatitis. Did the readings increase post op and what was found in these dogs?

Answer 38

the FDC v Lip pancreatic lipase readings signficantly increased post op compared to pre-op. Patients with post op increase of 33% over normal range had signifcantlly higher pre op values.

Question 39

In a JVECC 2020 (brief communication) paper - How many dogs with gall bladder mucoceles were found to have cholecystitis? Was it associated with decreased survival?

Answer 39

28.8%. not associated with decreased survival

Question 40

JVECC paper looking at correlation between bispectral index and MGCS in dogs with altered level of consciousness - what was the relationship between BIS values and MGCS sores?

Answer 40

There was a significantly positive relationship between BIS values and MGCS scores - useful alternative for MGCS

Question 41

In a 2022 JVECCS paper looking at dogs and cats with TBI, what were the findings regarding admission POC testing results and mortality?

Answer 41

Dogs - non survivors had significantly higher glucose concentrawtion at admission than survivors, but not cats. MGCS significantly higehr in survivors than non survivors in both dogs and cats.

Question 42

In a JVECCS paper looking at the clinical utility of neostigmine to diagnose acquired MG, was it considered a viable alternative to edrophonium? What other findings

Answer 42

Neostigmine had minimal adverse effects (sialorrhea, transient tremors). Safe and viable alternative. False positive response with polymyositis.

Question 43

In a retrospective evaluation of the relationship between admission variables (HR, SBP, MGCS) and brain herniation in dogs, what did the dogs with brain herniation have? What cut offs can of SBP, SBP-HR and MGCS can be used with high specificity?

Answer 43

Significantly higher SBP, greater SBP-HR difference and a lower MGCS score. SBP > 178, SBP-HR 60, MGCS of 14 or less