literary theory

Question 1

proponent of DECONSTRUCTION

Answer 1

Jacques Derrida,

Question 2

Deconstruction put emphasis on

Answer 2

Close reading

Question 3

Buzzwords of Deconstruction

Answer 3

1. Binary
2. Democracy
3. Differance
4. Play
5. Phallogocentrism
6. Trace
7. Presence
8. Writing

Question 4

What is Differance

Answer 4

notion of differance to describe how individual words do not convey complete meanings—they give us some idea of what a speaker means (because a horse is distinct from a dog), but they also postpone the higher-level meaning of a sentence.

Question 5

Derrida’s first lecture in the US

Answer 5

Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences 1966

Question 6

Meaning of play?

Answer 6

“play” is that meaning is never stable

Question 7

What did Derrida think of language?

Answer 7

language can never be mastered. It’s always in a state of “play”; it’s always changing and so are the people who are using it.

So Derrida argues that the belief—or, really, the male chauvinist fantasy—that language can be mastered, pinned down, standardized (according to white male norms, of course) is an illusion that we would do well to outgrow.

Question 8

Origin for Derrida

Answer 8

is always unstable

Question 9

Presence / Trace

Answer 9

no presence only trace

Question 10

Writing in deconstruction

Answer 10

Writing is superior to speech

Question 11

deconstruction players

Answer 11

de Man: Geoffrey Hartman, J. Hillis Miller, and Harold Bloom.
Barbara Johnson, Avital Ronell, and Gayatri Spivak.

Question 12

bricolage (who gave the term)

Answer 12

levis Strauss

Question 13

In Search of Our Mother’s Gardens: Womanist Prose (1983)

Answer 13

Alice Walker

Question 14

Écriture Féminine

Answer 14

The phrase comes to us from the work of the French feminist Hélène Cixous, who encouraged women to take pleasure (like, full-on naughty pleasure) in their bodies and their writing, and to let that pleasure come out loud and clear in their work

Question 15

Essentialism

Answer 15

Essentialism is a way of understanding a group of people based on their similarities rather than their differences

Question 16

Compulsory Heterosexuality

Answer 16

Adrienne Rich. Rich was a lesbian feminis

Question 17

Social Constructionism

Answer 17

In the words of Judith Butler, gender identity isn’t a given: it’s performed.

Question 18

Performativity

Answer 18

Butler is famous for arguing that there’s no such thing as “true” sex or gender: according to her, social forces subtly push us to make our bodies and identities conform to norms that have been built up over centuries.

Question 19

Materialist Feminism

Answer 19

they want to expose how capitalist societies depend on oppression in order to function, and, like their radical feminist friends, they’d like to shut the system down. Now there’s some material for action!

Question 20

“One Is Not Born A Woman,

Answer 20

Monique Wittig

Question 21

Cyborg

Answer 21

Donna Haraway’s- “Manifesto for Cyborgs” (1985),

Question 22

First Wave of Feminism

Answer 22

period of public activism and writing that runs from the late-19th century until the mid-20th

Question 23

Second Wave of Feminism

Answer 23

The second-wave slogan, “The Personal is Political,” identified women’s cultural and political inequalities as inextricably linked and encouraged women to understand how their personal lives reflected sexist power structures.

Question 24

key player in second-wave feminism.

Answer 24

Betty Friedan

Question 25

The Feminine Mystique

Answer 25

Betty Friedan

Question 26

Third-wave feminism

Answer 26

Third-wave feminism began in the early 1990s, responding to perceived failures of the second wave and to the backlash against second-wave initiatives. This ideology seeks to challenge the definitions of femininity that grew out of the ideas of the second-wave, arguing that the second-wave over-emphasized experiences of upper-middle-class white women. The third-wave sees women’s lives as intersectional, demonstrating how race, ethnicity, class, religion, gender, and nationality are all significant factors when discussing feminism. It examines issues related to women’s lives on an international basis.

Question 27

First-wave feminism lit fig

Answer 27

Mary Wollstonecraft
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792
, Sojourner Truth,

Question 28

Formalism

Answer 28

It is the study of a text without taking into account any outside influence. Formalism rejects or sometimes simply “brackets” (i.e., ignores for the purpose of analysis) notions of culture or societal influence, authorship, and content, and instead focuses on modes, genres, discourse, and forms.
The formalistic approach reduces the importance of a text’s historical, biographical, and cultural context.

Question 29

Two schools of formalist literary criticism

Answer 29

Two schools of formalist literary criticism developed, Russian formalism, and soon after Anglo-American New Criticism

Question 30

formalist literary criticism proponents

Answer 30

René Wellek and Austin Warren’s, Boris Eichenbaum, Viktor Shklovsky and Yury Tynyanov, Roman Jakobson. The folklorist Vladimir Propp

Question 31

Formalism was a reaction against?

Answer 31

Formalism rose to prominence in the early twentieth century as a reaction against Romanticist theories of literature, which centered on the artist and individual creative genius, and instead placed the text itself back into the spotlight to show how the text was indebted to forms and other works that had preceded it.

Question 32

Mikhail Bakhtin was influenced by?

Answer 32

Formalism

Question 33

Defamiliarization

Answer 33

Basically, this is when a writer makes the familiar seem unfamiliar.

Question 34

Story, (alias Fabula)

Answer 34

This is the word for the events that take place in a narrative in chronological order.

Question 35

Plot (alias Siuzhet)

Answer 35

on how the events get told.

Question 36

Practical language

Answer 36

oal of communicating something to someone els

Question 37

Poetic language

Answer 37

When we use language not only to communicate but also to make all sorts of cool sounds and rhythms.

Question 38

Literariness

Answer 38

It’s the true essence of a literary text

Question 39

Form

Answer 39

It refers to the way that something is told or written with specific use of language and stylistic devices.

Question 40

Devices

Answer 40

these are all those little strategies that writers use to make us cry, or laugh, or shake our heads in confusion, or be scared silly. Things like repetition, suspense, parallelism, foreshadowing, defamiliarization, metapho

Question 41

Boris Eikhenbaum,

Answer 41

“Theory of the ‘Formal Method,’”

Question 42

Hermeneutics

Answer 42

Hermeneutics is a general theory of how people interpret stuff—and that stuff can be across multiple genres and all manner of speaking and writing. Hermeneutics is less concerned with understanding specific works of poetry or theology or case law or whatever than it is with understanding what it means to understand in general.

Question 43

HERMENEUTICS BUZZWORDS

Answer 43

Psychic Life- the kinds of inner feelings and thoughts that are expressed through outward behavioral signs
Hermeneutic Circle-he hermeneutic circle extends beyond the specific work to include the psychic life of the author and those of the readers, plus the contexts in which the work was authored and read.
Conflicts of Interpretation-there are multiple valid but incompatible interpretations of a book or movie or other text—interpretations that cannot be reconciled or synthesized.
Mediation- Mediation happens whenever you read a text. You understand the words on the page by way of what you already know, believe, and feel.
Discourse- language that is used either in speech or in writing.
Horizons- Gadamer. context
Prejudices and Presuppositions-
Speech Acts
Polysemy- different meaning for different people
Method

Question 44

Polysemy

Answer 44

Paul Ricoeur

Question 45

Prejudices and Presuppositions

Answer 45

Gadamer- you always approach a text with personal judgments already in place.

Question 46

HERMENEUTICS AUTHORS

Answer 46

Friedrich Schleiermacher and Wilhelm Dilthey, Martin Heidegger, Hans-Georg Gadamer, : Paul Ricoeur

Question 47

Truth and Method

Answer 47

Hans-Georg Gadamer, whose opus Truth and Method

Question 48

dialectical

Answer 48

dialectical materialism tells a story of the world as the continual resolution of contradictions. The conflict between employer and employee? That’s a conflict that gets resolved in lots of different ways, all the time, and Marxists think that’s what makes history happen.

Question 49

MARXISM AUTHORS

Answer 49

György Lukács , Walter Benjamin and Theodore Adorno, Raymond Williams and Terry Eagleton

Question 50

NEW CRITICISM BUZZWORDS

Answer 50

Intentional fallacy
Form
Technique
close reading
Ontology- the New Critics were fond of this word because they believed poems were a kind of ontology—a particular way of studying of human life.
New Critics loved them some close readings. And paradoxes were one of their favorite poetic techniques.

Question 51

Who gave the idea of INTENTIONAL FALLACY

Answer 51

William K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley,

Question 52

NEW CRITICISM AUTHORS

Answer 52

John Crowe Ransom, Randall Jarrell, Allen Tate, Robert Penn Warren, and Cleanth Brooks. Yvor Winters—

Question 53

Understanding Poetry (1938)

Answer 53

Warren and Brooks

Question 54

, I.A. Richards’ STUDENT

Answer 54

William Empson, went on to offer an answer to this difficulty: his Seven Types of Ambiguity