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AP Language > Literary and Rhetorical Devices > Flashcards

Literary and Rhetorical Devices Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: Active Voice

A

The subject of the sentence performs the action.

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2
Q

Example: Active Voice

A

Anthony Drove while Toni searches for the house

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3
Q

Effect on the Text: Active Voice

A

More Direct

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4
Q

Definition: Allusion

A

An indirect reference to something with which the reader is supposed to be familiar.

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5
Q

Example: Allusion

A

” Don’t act like a Romeo”

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6
Q

Effect on the Text: Allusion

A

To let readers compare emotions without you stating them

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7
Q

Definition: Alter-ego

A

A character that is used by the author to speak the author’s own thoughts; when an author
speaks directly to the audience through a character.

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8
Q

Example: Alter-ego

A

Clark Kent and Superman

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9
Q

Effect on the Text: Alter-ego

A

Brings authors intentions through character

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10
Q

Definition: Anecdote

A

A brief recounting of a relevant episode. Anecdotes are often inserted into fictional or non-fictional texts as a way of developing a point or injecting humor.

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11
Q

Example: Anecdote

A

The Crucible by Arthur Miller

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12
Q

Effect on Text: Anecdote

A

To bring humor

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13
Q

Definition: Antecedent

A

The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.

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14
Q

Example: Antecedent

A

David plays football in the courtyard. All the children have gathered there.

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15
Q

Effect on Text: Antecedent

A

it’s quicker

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16
Q

Definition: Classicism

A

Art or literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world; sticks to traditional
themes and structures

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17
Q

Example: Classicism

A

Shakespeare

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18
Q

Effect on Text: Classicism

A

Classics

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19
Q

Definition: Comic relief

A

when a humorous scene is inserted into a serious story, in order to lighten the mood
somewhat.

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20
Q

Example: Comic relief

A

The “gatekeeper scene” in Macbeth is an example of comic relief.

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21
Q

Effect on Text: Comic relief

A

brings humor to a sad or tragic book movie or scene.

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22
Q

Definition: Diction

A

Word choice, particularly as an element of style.

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23
Q

Example: Diction

A

An essay written in academic diction would be much less colorful, but perhaps more precise
than street slang.

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24
Q

Effect on Text: Diction

A

Making it clear

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25
Q

Definition: Colloquial

A

Ordinary or familiar type of conversation.

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26
Q

Example:Colloquial

A

Bamboozle – to deceive

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27
Q

Effect on Text:Colloquial

A

Informal speech

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28
Q

Definition: Connotation

A

Rather than the dictionary definition (denotation), the associations suggested by a
word. Implied meaning rather than literal meaning.

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29
Q

Example: Connotation

A

Childish Childlike and youthful

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30
Q

Effect on Text: Connotation

A

Give a different intent behind words

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31
Q

Definition: Denotation

A

The literal, explicit meaning of a word, without its connotations.

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32
Q

Example: Denotation

A

blue- color

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33
Q

Effect on Text: Denotation

A

Straight forward

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34
Q

Definition: Jargon

A

The diction used by a group which practices a similar profession or activity.

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35
Q

Example: Jargon

A

Football calls

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36
Q

Effect on Text: Jargon

A

those people in groups will understand

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37
Q

Definition: Vernacular

A
  1. Language or dialect of a particular country. 2. Language or dialect of a regional
    clan or group. 3. Plain everyday speech
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38
Q

Example: Vernacular

A

English in the US

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39
Q

Effect on Text: Vernacular

A

where the book is stationed or broadcasted to

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40
Q

Definition: Didactic

A

A term used to describe fiction, nonfiction or poetry that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking.

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41
Q

Example: Didactic

A

Children’s Fiction, Fables

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42
Q

Effect on Text: Didactic

A

To learn some lessons

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43
Q

Definition: Adage

A

A folk saying with a lesson.

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44
Q

Example: Adage

A

“A rolling stone gathers no moss.”

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45
Q

Effect on Text: Adage

A

Brings lessons

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46
Q

Definition: Allegory

A

A story, fictional or non fictional, in which characters, things, and events represent
qualities or concepts. The interaction of these characters, things, and events is meant to reveal an
abstraction or a truth.

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47
Q

Example:Allegory

A

Animal Farm, by George Orwell, is an allegory.

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48
Q

Effect on Text: Allegory

A

the truth

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49
Q

Definition: Aphorism

A

A terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle. An aphorism
can be a memorable summation of the author’s point.

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50
Q

Example: Aphorism

A

Ben Franklin wrote many of these in Poor
Richard’s Almanac, such as “God helps them that help themselves,” and “A watched pot never
boils.”

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51
Q

Effect on Text: Aphorism

A

words from the author

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52
Q

Definition: Ellipsis

A

The deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author.

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53
Q

Example: Ellipsis

A

“The whole

day, rain, torrents of rain.”

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54
Q

Effect on Text: Ellipsis

A

Repeats

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55
Q

Example: Euphemism

A

“Physically challenged,” in place of “crippled.”
Sometimes a euphemism is used to exaggerate correctness to add humor. “Vertically challenged” in place
of “short.”

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56
Q

Effect on Text: Euphemism

A

Adds humor

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57
Q

Definition: Figurative Language

A

writing that is not meant to be taken literally.

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58
Q

Example: Figurative Language

A

Hyperboly

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59
Q

Effect on Text: Figurative Language

A

Adds extra feelings and thoughts to few words

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60
Q

Definition: Analogy

A

An analogy is a comparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables.

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61
Q

Example: Analogy

A

“America is to the world as the

hippo is to the jungle.”

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62
Q

Effect on Text: Analogy

A

Draws comparison

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63
Q

Definition: Hyperbole

A

Exaggeration

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64
Q

Example: Hyperbole

A

“My mother will kill me if I am late.”

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65
Q

Effect on Text: Hyperbole

A

Adds a sense of dread

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66
Q

Definition: Idiom

A

A common, often used expression that doesn’t make sense if you take it literally.

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67
Q

Example: Idiom

A

“I got

chewed out by my coach.”

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68
Q

Effect on Text: Idiom

A

A culture reference

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69
Q

Definition: Metaphor

A

Metaphor: Making an implied comparison, not using “like,” as,” or other such words.

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70
Q

Example: Metaphor

A

“My feet

are popsicles.”

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71
Q

Effect on Text: Metaphor

A

Better imagery

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72
Q

Definition: Metonymy

A

Replacing an actual word or idea, with a related word or concept.

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73
Q

Example: Metonymy

A

“Relations

between London and Washington have been strained,”

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74
Q

Effect on Text: Metonymy

A

Imagery

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75
Q

Definition: Synecdoche

A

– A kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its
parts, or vice versa.

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76
Q

Example: Synecdoche

A

“The cattle rancher owned 500 head.” “Check out my new wheels.”

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77
Q

Effect on Text: Synecdoche

A

Imagery

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78
Q

Definition: Simile

A

Using words such as “like” or “as” to make a direct comparison between two very
different things.

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79
Q

Example: Simile

A

“My feet are so cold they feel like popsicles.”

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80
Q

Effect on Text: Simile

A

Imagery

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81
Q

Definition: Synesthesia

A

– a description involving a “crossing of the senses.”

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82
Q

Example: Synesthesia

A

“A purplish scent

filled the room.” “I was deafened by his brightly-colored clothing.”

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83
Q

Effect on Text: Synesthesia

A

Imagery

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84
Q

Definition: Personification

A

Giving human-like qualities to something that is not human.

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85
Q

Example: Personification

A

“The tired old truck

groaned as it inched up the hill.”

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86
Q

Effect on Text: Personification

A

Imagery

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87
Q

Definition: Foreshadowing

A

When an author gives hints about what will occur later in a story.

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88
Q

Example: Foreshadowing

A

Harry Potter Prisoner of Azkaban

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89
Q

Effect on Text: Foreshadowing

A

Hints on what to expect throughout the book, adds suspense

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90
Q

Definition: Genre

A

The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose,
poetry, and drama. However, genres can be subdivided as well

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91
Q

Example: Genre

A

Poetry, Fables, Non-fiction

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92
Q

Effect on Text: Genre

A

How the story goes

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93
Q

Definition: Gothic

A

abc

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94
Q

Definition: Gothic

A

Writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and/or death. Also refers to an architectural style
of the middle ages, often seen in cathedrals of this period.

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95
Q

Example: Gothic

A

Addams Family

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96
Q

Effect on Text: Gothic

A

Brings style

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97
Q

Definition: Imagery

A

Word or words that create a picture in the reader’s mind. Usually this involves the five senses.
Authors often use imagery in conjunction with metaphors, similes, or figures of speech.

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98
Q

Example: Imagery

A

Figurative language

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99
Q

Effect on Text: Imagery

A

Brings descriptions to readers mind

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100
Q

Definition: Invective

A

– A long, emotionally violent, attack using strong, abusive language.

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101
Q

Example: Invective

A

A knave, a rascal; an eater of broken meats; a base, proud, shallow, beggarly, three-suited, hundred-pound, filthy, worsted-stocking knave

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102
Q

Effect on Text: Invective

A

Adds aggression

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103
Q

Definition: Irony

A

When the opposite of what you expect to happen does.

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104
Q

Example: Irony

A

A fire station burns down

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105
Q

Effect on Text: Irony

A

Brings humor

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106
Q

Definition: Verbal irony

A
  • When you say something and mean the opposite/something different.
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107
Q

Example: Verbal irony

A

Saying, “A walk in the park” when talking about an 8 mile run

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108
Q

Effect on Text: Verbal irony

A

Humor

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109
Q

Definition: Dramatic irony

A
  • When the audience of a drama, play, movie, etc. knows something that the
    character doesn’t and would be surprised to find out.
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110
Q

Example: Dramatic irony

A

example, in many horror movies, we (the

audience) know who the killer is, which the victim-to-be has no idea who is doing the slaying.

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111
Q

Effect on Text: Dramatic irony

A

Humor

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112
Q

Definition: Situational irony

A
  • Found in the plot (or story line) of a book, story, or movie. Sometimes it
    makes you laugh because it’s funny how things turn out.
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113
Q

Example: Situational irony

A

Johnny spent two hours
planning on sneaking into the movie theater and missed the movie. When he finally did manage to
sneak inside he found out that kids were admitted free that day.

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114
Q

Effect on Text: Situational irony

A

Humor

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115
Q

Definition: Juxtaposition

A

Placing things side by side for the purposes of comparison. Authors often use juxtaposition
of ideas or examples in order to make a point.

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116
Q

Example: Juxtaposition

A

An author my juxtapose the average day of a

typical American with that of someone in the third world in order to make a point of social commentary.

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117
Q

Effect on Text: Juxtaposition

A

for imagery

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118
Q

Definition: Mood

A

The atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished through word choice (diction).

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119
Q

Example: Mood

A

The sky was a gloomy grey, with dying leaves in the fall indicates a depressing mood.

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120
Q

Effect on Text: Mood

A

Adds similar words

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121
Q

Definition: Motif

A

A recurring idea in a piece of literature.

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122
Q

Example: Motif

A

literature. In To Kill a Mockingbird, the idea that “you never really
understand another person until you consider things from his or her point of view” is a motif, because the
idea is brought up several times over the course of the novel.

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123
Q

Effect on Text: Motif

A

nice

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124
Q

Definition: Oxymoron

A

When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox

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125
Q

Example: Oxymoron

A

Wise fool

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126
Q

Effect on Text: Oxymoron

A

contradictions

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127
Q

Definition: Pacing

A

The speed or tempo of an author’s writing. Writers can use a variety of devices

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128
Q

Example: Pacing

A

Vibrato

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129
Q

Effect on Text: Pacing

A

Flows

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130
Q

Definition: Paradox

A
  • A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true
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131
Q

Example: Paradox

A

“You can’t get a job without

experience, and you can’t get experience without getting a job.”

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132
Q

Effect on Text: Paradox

A

Relatable

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133
Q

Definition: Parallelism

A

Sentence construction which

places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns.

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134
Q

Example: Parallelism

A

“Cinderella swept the

floor, dusted the mantle, and beat the rugs.”

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135
Q

Effect on Text: Parallelism

A

Adds emphasis organization or sometimes

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136
Q

Definition: Anaphora

A

Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or
clauses in a row.

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137
Q

Example: Anaphora

A

Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or
clauses in a row.

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138
Q

Effect on Text: Anaphora

A

Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or
clauses in a row.

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139
Q

Definition: Chiasmus

A

Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or
clauses in a row.

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140
Q

Example: Chiasmus

A

Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or
clauses in a row.

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141
Q

Effect on Text: Chiasmus

A

Emphasis

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142
Q

Definition: Antithesis

A

Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or
clauses in a row.

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143
Q

Example: Antithesis

A

“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times”

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144
Q

Effect on Text: Antithesis

A

Contrast

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145
Q

Definition: Zuegma (Syllepsis)

A

When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the
meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words it governs or modifies.

146
Q

Example: Zuegma (Syllepsis)

A

“The butler killed the lights, and then the mistress.”

147
Q

Effect on Text: Zuegma (Syllepsis)

A

Separations in words and views

148
Q

Definition: Parenthetical Idea

A

Parentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of the sentence. It is almost
considered an aside…a whisper, and should be used sparingly for effect, rather than repeatedly.

149
Q

Example: Parenthetical Idea

A

“In a short time (and the time is getting shorter by the

gallon) America will be out of oil.”

150
Q

Effect on Text: Parenthetical Idea

A

To tell the reader something or background that isn’t particularly for the book characters

151
Q

Definition: Parody

A

An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes.

152
Q

Example: Parody

A

etc. The Simpsons often parody Shakespeare plays.

153
Q

Effect on Text: Parody

A

Humor

154
Q

Definition: Persona

A

The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story.

155
Q

Example: Persona

A

The first paragraph of this book sounds as if Hemingway himself is Santiago.

156
Q

Effect on Text: Persona

A

Helps the reader

157
Q

Definition: Poetic device

A

A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences or lines.

158
Q

Example: Poetic device

A

Alliteration

159
Q

Effect on Text: Poetic device

A

Brings imagery

160
Q

Definition: Alliteration

A

The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words.

161
Q

Example: Alliteration

A

“Sally sells sea shells by the sea shore”

162
Q

Effect on Text: Alliteration

A

Draws attention and flows

163
Q

Definition: Assonance

A

The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds.

164
Q

Example: Assonance

A

“From the molten-golden notes”

165
Q

Effect on Text: Assonance

A

Imagery

166
Q

Definition: Consonance

A

The repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of words or within words.

167
Q

Example: Consonance

A

“Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door”

168
Q

Effect on Text: Consonance

A

h

169
Q

Definition: Onomatopoeia

A

“Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door”

170
Q

Example: Onomatopoeia

A

“Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door”

171
Q

Effect on Text: Onomatopoeia

A

Shows imagery

172
Q

Definition: Internal rhyme

A

“Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door”

173
Q

Example: Internal rhyme

A

“Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door”

174
Q

Effect on Text: Internal rhyme

A

Flows

175
Q

Definition: Slant rhyme

A

When a poet creates a rhyme, but the two words do not rhyme exactly – they are merely similar.

176
Q

Example: Slant rhyme

A

“I sat upon a stone, / And found my life has gone.”

177
Q

Effect on Text: Slant rhyme

A

Visually pleasing

178
Q

Definition: End rhyme

A

When the last word of two different lines of poetry rhyme.

179
Q

Example: End rhyme

A

“Roses are red, violets are blue, / Sugar is sweet, and so are you.”

180
Q

Effect on Text: End rhyme

A

Visually and audibly pleasing

181
Q

Definition: Rhyme Scheme

A

The pattern of a poem’s end rhymes.

182
Q

Example: Rhyme Scheme

A

a b a b c d c d

183
Q

Effect on Text: Rhyme Scheme

A

Nice to look at

184
Q

Definition: Stressed and unstressed syllables

A

In every word of more than one syllable, one of the syllables is stressed, or said with more force
than the other syllable(s).

185
Q

Example: Stressed and unstressed syllables

A

In the name “Nathan,” the first syllable is stressed. In the word
“unhappiness,” the second of the four syllables is stressed.

186
Q

Effect on Text: Stressed and unstressed syllables

A

Brings attention

187
Q

Definition: Meter

A

A regular pattern to the syllables in lines of poetry.

188
Q

Example: Meter

A

ICE CREAM

189
Q

Effect on Text: Meter

A

emphasis

190
Q

Definition: Free verse

A

Poetry that doesn’t have much meter or rhyme.

191
Q

Example: Free verse

A

A Noiseless Patient Spider (By Walt Whitman)

192
Q

Effect on Text: Free verse

A

more like a story

193
Q

Definition: Iambic pentameter

A

Poetry that is written in lines of 10 syllables, alternating stressed and unstressed syllables.

194
Q

Example: Iambic pentameter

A

“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”

195
Q

Effect on Text: Iambic pentameter

A

Short and sweet

196
Q

Definition: Sonnet

A

A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter.

197
Q

Example: Sonnet

A

“Death be not proud.” —John Donne

198
Q

Effect on Text: Sonnet

A

Nice to look at

199
Q

Definition: Polysyndeton

A

When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions. Normally, a conjunction is used only before the last item in a list.

200
Q

Example: Polysyndeton

A

“I walked the dog, and fed the cat, and milked the cows.”

201
Q

Effect on Text: Polysyndeton

A

A list

202
Q

Definition: Pun

A

hWhen a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way.

203
Q

Example: Pun

A

“I was stirred by his cooking lesson.”

204
Q

Effect on Text: Pun

A

Humor

205
Q

Definition: Rhetoric

A

The art of effective communication.

206
Q

Example: Rhetoric

A

The triangle

207
Q

Effect on Text: Rhetoric

A

basic understanding for persuasion

208
Q

Definition: Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle

A

The relationships, in any piece of writing,
between the writer, the audience, and the
subject.

209
Q

Example: Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle

A

Ethos pathos logos

210
Q

Effect on Text: Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle

A

All analysis of writing is essentially
an analysis of the relationships between the
points on the triangle.

211
Q

Definition: Rhetorical Question

A

Question not asked for information but for effect.

212
Q

Example: Rhetorical Question

A

“The angry parent asked the

child, ‘Are you finished interrupting me?’”

213
Q

Effect on Text: Rhetorical Question

A

Draws conclusions

214
Q

Definition: Romanticism

A

– Art or literature characterized by an idealistic, perhaps unrealistic view of people and the
world, and an emphasis on nature.

215
Q

Example: Romanticism

A

To Autumn by John Keats

216
Q

Effect on Text: Romanticism

A

tone

217
Q

Definition: Sarcasm

A
  • A generally bitter comment that is ironically or satirically worded. However, not all satire and
    irony are sarcastic.
218
Q

Example: Sarcasm

A

Why don’t we all just jump off a bridge now?

219
Q

Effect on Text: Sarcasm

A

aggressive or funny

220
Q

Definition: Satire

A
  • A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect.
221
Q

Example: Satire

A

Aristophanes and Plautus satirized ancient Greek culture

222
Q

Effect on Text: Satire

A

Good satire usually has three layers: serious
on the surface; humorous when you discover that it is satire instead of reality; and serious when you discern
the underlying point of the author.

223
Q

Definition: Sentence

A
  • A sentence is group of words (including subject and verb) that expresses a complete thought.
224
Q

Example: Sentence

A

She took a run

225
Q

Effect on Text: Sentence

A

basic building blocks of a book poem or any piece of literature

226
Q

Definition: Appositive

A

A word or group of words placed beside a noun or noun substitute to supplement its
meaning.

227
Q

Example: Appositive

A

“Bob, the lumber yard worker, spoke with Judy, an accountant from the city.”

228
Q

Effect on Text: Appositive

A

more information

229
Q

Definition: Clause

A

A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.

230
Q

Example: Clause

A

“Other than baseball, football is my favorite sport.”

231
Q

Effect on Text: Clause

A

builds a sentence

232
Q

Definition: Balanced sentence

A

A sentence in which two parallel elements are set off against each
other like equal weights on a scale.

233
Q

Example: Balanced sentence

A

“If a free

society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.”

234
Q

Effect on Text: Balanced sentence

A

Correct in grammar

235
Q

Definition: Compound sentence

A

Contains at least two independent clauses but no dependent

clauses.

236
Q

Example: Compound sentence

A

i went to the store, and i also went to the theater

237
Q

Effect on Text: Compound sentence

A

more words less abrupt stops

238
Q

Definition: Complex sentence

A

Contains only one independent clause and at least one dependent
clause.

239
Q

Example: Complex sentence

A

without my dog, id be nothing.

240
Q

Effect on Text: Complex sentence

A

no abrupt stops and not to many words

241
Q

Definition: Cumulative sentence

A

When the writer begins with an

independent clause, then adds subordinate elements.

242
Q

Example: Cumulative sentence

A

“He doubted whether he could ever again appear before an audience, his confidence broken, his limbs shaking, his collar wet with perspiration.”

243
Q

Effect on Text: Cumulative sentence

A

more imagery

244
Q

Definition: Periodic sentence

A

When the main idea is not completed until the end of the sentence.
The writer begins with subordinate elements and postpones the main clause.

245
Q

Example: Periodic sentence

A

“His confidence broken, his limbs shaking, his collar wet with perspiration, he doubted
whether he could ever again appear before an audience.”

246
Q

Effect on Text: Periodic sentence

A

Wordier and more imagery

247
Q

Definition: Simple sentence

A

Contains only one independent clause.

248
Q

Example: Simple sentence

A

She took a walk

249
Q

Effect on Text: Simple sentence

A

Straight to the point

250
Q

Definition: Declarative sentence

A

States an idea. It does not give a command or request, nor does it
ask a question.

251
Q

Example: Declarative sentence

A

“The ball is round.”

252
Q

Effect on Text: Declarative sentence

A

straight to the point

253
Q

Definition: Imperative sentence

A

Issues a command.

254
Q

Example: Imperative sentence

A

“Kick the ball.”

255
Q

Effect on Text: Imperative sentence

A

Commands

256
Q

Definition: Interrogative sentence

A
  • Sentences incorporating interrogative pronouns (what, which,
    who, whom, and whose).
257
Q

Example: Interrogative sentence

A

“To whom did you kick the ball?”

258
Q

Effect on Text: Interrogative sentence

A

questions

259
Q

Definition: Style

A

The choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes. Style may be conscious or unconscious.

260
Q

Example: Style

A

Descriptive Style

261
Q

Effect on Text: Style

A

every writer or artist has different styles

262
Q

Definition: Symbol

A

Anything that represents or stands for something else.

263
Q

Example: Symbol

A

Whale in Moby Dick

264
Q

Effect on Text: Symbol

A

Grammatical arrangement of words.

265
Q

Definition: Syntax/sentence variety

A
  • Grammatical arrangement of words. This is perhaps one of the most difficult
    concepts to master.
266
Q

Example: Syntax/sentence variety

A

long). How does
sentence length and structure relate to tone and meaning. Are they simple, compound, compound-complex
sentences? How do they relate to one another? Syntax is the grouping of words, while diction refers to the selection of individual words.

267
Q

Effect on Text: Syntax/sentence variety

A

tones effects, moods all the above basically

268
Q

Definition: Theme

A

The central idea or message of a work.

269
Q

Example: Theme

A

bagels are better then toast

270
Q

Effect on Text: Theme

A

Plot follows this theme

271
Q

Definition: Tone

A

A writer’s attitude toward his subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language and
organization.

272
Q

Example: Tone

A

Tone can be: playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, somber, etc.

273
Q

Effect on Text: Tone

A

word choice

274
Q

Definition: Understatement

A

The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant
than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous.

275
Q

Example: Understatement

A

“Our defense played valiantly, and held the other team to

merely eight touchdowns in the first quarter.”

276
Q

Effect on Text: Understatement

A

downplaying situations or words

277
Q

Definition: Litotes

A

a particular form of understatement, generated by denying the opposite of the statement
which otherwise would be used.

278
Q

Example: Litotes

A

(Hitting that telephone pole certainly didn’t do your car any
good)

279
Q

Effect on Text: Litotes

A

imagery

280
Q

Definition: Argument

A

An argument is a piece of reasoning with one or more premises and a conclusion.

281
Q

Example: Argument

A

all spam is pink

282
Q

Effect on Text: Argument

A

leads the text

283
Q

Definition: Premises:

A

Statements offered as reasons to support a conclusion are premises.

284
Q

Example: Premises:

A

couple seeing a movie chosen by one, because they saw a movie chosen by the other last week.

285
Q

Effect on Text: Premises:

A

leads text

286
Q

Definition: Conclusion:

A

A conclusion is the end result of the argument the main point being made.

287
Q

Example: Conclusion:

A

in conclusion bagels are better due to the softness and flavors

288
Q

Effect on Text: Conclusion:

A

ends the argument

289
Q

Definition: Aristotle’s appeals

A

The goal of argumentative writing is to persuade an audience that one’s ideas are valid, or more
valid than someone else’s.

290
Q

Example: Aristotle’s appeals

A

The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided all means of persuasion
(appeals) into three categories - ethos, pathos, and logos.

291
Q

Effect on Text: Aristotle’s appeals

A

starts argumentative writing

292
Q

Definition: Ethos

A

being convinced by the credibility of the author.

293
Q

Example: Ethos

A

scientist articles

294
Q

Effect on Text: Ethos

A

adds credibility

295
Q

Definition: Pathos

A

persuading by appealing to the reader’s emotions.

296
Q

Example: Pathos

A

children dying and using that as the argument

297
Q

Effect on Text: Pathos

A

adds empathy or sympathy

298
Q

Definition: Logos

A

means persuading by the use of reasoning, using true premises and valid arguments.

299
Q

Example: Logos

A

argument for tax reform might include: The United States has the highest corporate income tax in the world.

300
Q

Effect on Text: Logos

A

adds logic

301
Q

Definition: Concession

A

Accepting at least part or all of an opposing viewpoint. Often used to make one’s own argument stronger by demonstrating that one is willing to accept what is obviously true and reasonable, even
if it is presented by the opposition.

302
Q

Example: Concession

A

A teenager arguing to her parents that she needs a cell phone makes the following concession: I know that you think I will just use the phone to text during class and call friends instead of doing homework.

303
Q

Effect on Text: Concession

A

Adds understanding

304
Q

Definition: Conditional Statement

A

A conditional statement is an if-then statement and consists of two parts, an antecedent and a consequent.

305
Q

Example: Conditional Statement

A

“If you studied hard, then you will pass the test.”

306
Q

Effect on Text: Conditional Statement

A

cause effect

307
Q

Definition: Contradiction

A

A contradiction occurs when one asserts two mutually exclusive propositions.

308
Q

Example: Contradiction

A

A contradiction occurs when one asserts two mutually exclusive propositions,

309
Q

Effect on Text: Contradiction

A

Falsehood

310
Q

Definition: Counterexample

A

A counterexample is an example that runs counter to (opposes) a generalization, thus falsifying it.

311
Q

Example: Counterexample

A

Jane argued that all whales are endangered. Belugas are a type of whale. Belugas are not endangered.

312
Q

Effect on Text: Counterexample

A

Leads readers to draw conclusions

313
Q

Definition: Deductive argument

A

An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion.

314
Q

Example: Deductive argument

A

All men are mortal. (First premise) Socrates is a man. (Second premise) Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (Conclusion)

315
Q

Effect on Text: Deductive argument

A

leads to conclusions

316
Q

Definition: Fallacy

A

is an attractive but unreliable piece of reasoning.

317
Q

Example: Fallacy

A

Straw man—“I know some folks in Washington and on Wall Street are saying we should just focus on their problems.

318
Q

Effect on Text: Fallacy

A

falsehood

319
Q

Definition: Ad hominem:

A

Latin for “against the man”. Personally attacking your opponents instead of their
arguments.

320
Q

Example: Ad hominem:

A

Saying they lie just because its them

321
Q

Effect on Text: Ad hominem:

A

unprofessional and not likely to win

322
Q

Definition: Appeal to authority:

A

The claim that because somebody famous supports an idea, the idea must be
right.

323
Q

Example: Appeal to authority:

A

Katy Perry thinks the world is flat so it is.

324
Q

Effect on Text: Appeal to authority:

A

falsehoods

325
Q

Definition: Appeal to the bandwagon:

A

The claim, as evidence for an idea, that many people believe it, or
used to believe it, or do it.

326
Q

Example: Appeal to the bandwagon:

A

In the 1800’s there was a widespread belief that bloodletting cured
sickness. All of these people were not just wrong, but horribly wrong, because in fact it made
people sicker.

327
Q

Effect on Text: Appeal to the bandwagon:

A

falsehood

328
Q

Definition: Appeal to emotion:

A

An attempt to replace a logical argument with an appeal to the audience’s
emotions.

329
Q

Example: Appeal to emotion

A

Common emotional appeals are an appeal to sympathy, an appeal to revenge, an appeal
to patriotism

330
Q

Effect on Text: Appeal to emotion:

A

adds sadness happiness or pity

331
Q

Definition: Bad analogy:

A

Claiming that two situations are highly similar, when they aren’t.

332
Q

Example: Bad analogy:

A

“We have pure
food and drug laws regulating what we put in our bodies; why can’t we have laws to keep
musicians from giving us filth for the mind?”

333
Q

Effect on Text: Bad analogy:

A

Turns argument downwards

334
Q

Definition: Cliche thinking:

A

Using as evidence a well-known saying, as if it is proven, or as if it has no
exceptions.

335
Q

Example: Cliche thinking:

A

“I say: ‘America: love it or leave it.’ Anyone who disagrees with anything our country
does must hate America. So maybe they should just move somewhere else.”

336
Q

Effect on Text: Cliche thinking:

A

Not good

337
Q

Definition: False cause:

A

Assuming that because two things happened, the first one caused the second one.

338
Q

Example: False cause:

A

“I say: ‘America: love it or leave it.’ Anyone who disagrees with anything our country
does must hate America. So maybe they should just move somewhere else.”

339
Q

Effect on Text: False cause:

A

Negative imapct

340
Q

Definition: Hasty generalization:

A

A generalization based on too little or unrepresentative data.

341
Q

Example: Hasty generalization:

A

“My uncle
didn’t go to college, and he makes a lot of money. So, people who don’t go to college do just as
well as those who do.”

342
Q

Effect on Text: Hasty generalization:

A

Negative

343
Q

Definition: Non Sequitur:

A

A conclusion that does not follow from its premises; an invalid argument.

344
Q

Example: Non Sequitur:

A

“Hinduism is one of the world’s largest religious groups. It is also one of the world’s oldest
religions. Hinduism helps millions of people lead happier, more productive lives. Therefore the
principles of Hinduism must be true.”

345
Q

Effect on Text: Non Sequitur:

A

Negative impact

346
Q

Definition: Slippery slope:

A

The assumption that once started, a situation will continue to its most extreme
possible outcome.

347
Q

Example: Slippery slope:

A

“If you drink a glass of wine, then you’ll soon be drinking all the time, and then
you’ll become a homeless alcoholic.”

348
Q

Effect on Text: Slippery slope:

A

negative

349
Q

Definition: Inductive argument

A

An argument in which it is thought that the premises provide reasons supporting the probable truth
of the conclusion.

350
Q

Example: Inductive argument

A

the premises are intended only to be so strong that, if

they are true, then it is unlikely that the conclusion is false.

351
Q

Effect on Text: Inductive argument

A

Mostly correct

352
Q

Definition: Sound argument

A

A deductive argument is said to be sound if it meets two conditions: First, that the line of
reasoning from the premises to the conclusion is valid. Second, that the premises are true.

353
Q

Example: Sound argument

A

True conclusion/Therefore, C is B

354
Q

Effect on Text: Sound argument

A

Ok

355
Q

Definition: Unstated premises

A

Not every argument is fully expressed. Sometimes premises or even conclusions are left
unexpressed.

356
Q

Example: Unstated premises

A

If one argues that Rover is smart because all dogs are smart, he is leaving unstated
that Rover is a dog.

357
Q

Effect on Text: Unstated premises

A

Hiding meanings

358
Q

Definition: Valid argument

A

An argument is valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises.

359
Q

Example: Valid argument

A

Either Elizabeth owns a Honda or she owns a Saturn. Elizabeth does not own a Honda. Therefore, Elizabeth owns a Saturn.

360
Q

Effect on Text: Valid argument

A

Correct

AP Language (1 decks)

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