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AP Language > Literary and Rhetorical Devices > Flashcards

Literary and Rhetorical Devices Flashcards

1
Q

Active Voice: Definition

A

The subject of the sentence performs the action.

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2
Q

Active Voice: Example

A

“Anthony drove while Toni searched for the house.”

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3
Q

Active Voice: Effect

A

More direct

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4
Q

Allusion: Definition

A

An indirect reference to something with which the reader is supposed to be familiar.

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5
Q

Allusion: Example

A

“Don’t act like a Romeo in front of her.”

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6
Q

Allusion: Effect

A

It helps the reader understand and feel the scene much better by referencing a well known character or situation.

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7
Q

Alter-Ego: Definition

A

A character that is used by the author to speak the author’s own thoughts.

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8
Q

Alter-Ego: Example

A

In Shakespeare’s last play, The Tempest, Shakespeare

talks to his audience about his own upcoming retirement, through the main character in the play, Prospero.

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9
Q

Alter-Ego: Effect

A

The author can speak to the audience directly.

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10
Q

Anecdote: Definition

A

A brief recounting of a relevant episode.

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11
Q

Anecdote: Example

A

“You know, when I was a kid, my dog was my best friend. My childhood was better because of him.”

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12
Q

Anecdote: Effect

A

Anecdotes are often inserted into fictional or non-fictional texts as a way of developing a point or injecting humor.

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13
Q

Antecedent: Definition

A

The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.

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14
Q

Antecedent: Example

A

“If I could command the wealth of all the world by lifting my finger, I would not pay such a price for it.”

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15
Q

Antecedent: Effect

A

Replaces a pronoun with the actual object name.

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16
Q

Classicism: Definition

A

Art or literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world.

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17
Q

Classicism: Example

A

TBD

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18
Q

Classicism: Effect

A

TBD

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19
Q

Comic Relief: Definition

A

when a humorous scene is inserted into a serious story, in order to lighten the mood somewhat.

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20
Q

Comic Relief: Example

A

The “gatekeeper scene” in Macbeth is an example of comic relief.

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21
Q

Comic Relief: Effect

A

Lightens a serious mood.

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22
Q

Diction: Definition

A

Word choice, particularly as an element of style.

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23
Q

Diction: Example

A

“The author uses diction…”.

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24
Q

Diction: Effect

A

Makes a writing more formal and precise.

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25
Q

Colloquial: Definition

A

Ordinary or familiar type of conversation.

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26
Q

Colloquial: Example

A

Bamboozle – to deceive

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27
Q

Colloquial: Effect

A

Help define the communicators’ character and relationship with others.

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28
Q

Connotation: Definition

A

Implied meaning rather than literal meaning.

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29
Q

Connotation: Example

A

“The Fuzz” - Police Officer

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30
Q

Connotation: Effect

A

To provide an emotional connection to a word.

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31
Q

Denotation: Definition

A

The literal, explicit meaning of a word.

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32
Q

Denotation: Example

A

“Denotation - The literal, explicit meaning of a word.”

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33
Q

Denotation: Effect

A

To provide an exact definition to a word.

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34
Q

Jargon: Definition

A

The diction used by a group which practices a similar profession or activity.

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35
Q

Jargon: Example

A

“Absolute Divorce – type of divorce that allows the parties to end a marriage and terminate property rights. Often referred to as a ‘simple divorce’”

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36
Q

Jargon: Effect

A

Used to emphasize a situation.

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37
Q

Vernacular: Definition

A

Plain everyday speech (exclusive to a certain region.)

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38
Q

Vernacular: Example

A

Pop vs. Soda

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39
Q

Vernacular: Effect

A

Gives a sense of where a story takes place

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40
Q

Didactic: Definition

A

A term used to describe fiction.

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41
Q

Didactic: Example

A

Religious writings

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42
Q

Didactic: Effect

A

To impact or present morals.

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43
Q

Adage: Definition

A

A folk saying with a lesson.

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44
Q

Adage: Example

A

“A rolling stone gathers no moss.”

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45
Q

Adage: Effect

A

To present a lesson

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46
Q

Allegory: Definition

A

A story, fictional or non fictional, in which characters, things, and events represent
qualities or concepts.

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47
Q

Allegory: Example

A

Animal Farm, by George Orwell

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48
Q

Allegory: Effect

A

Reveals an abstract truth

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49
Q

Aphorism: Definition

A

A terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle.

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50
Q

Aphorism: Example

A

“God helps them that help themselves.”

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51
Q

Aphorism: Effect

A

A way of presenting fact

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52
Q

Ellipsis: Definition

A

The deliberate omission of a word done for effect by the author.

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53
Q

Ellipsis: Example

A

“The only way is to…”

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54
Q

Ellipsis: Effect

A

To build suspense or mystery, also to represent emotions such as reluctancy.

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55
Q

Euphemism: Definition

A

A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts.

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56
Q

Euphemism: Example

A

“Physically challenged” in place of “Crippled”

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57
Q

Euphemism: Effect

A

To maintain a sense of political correctness or overall politeness.

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58
Q

Figurative Language: Definition

A

Writing that is not meant to be taken literally.

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59
Q

Figurative Language: Example

A

I am about to explode after eating all of that.

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60
Q

Figurative Language: Effect

A

Makes a comparison that is not meant to be read literally.

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61
Q

Analogy: Definition

A

Comparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables.

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62
Q

Analogy: Example

A

America is to the world as the hippo is to the jungle

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63
Q

Analogy: Effect

A

Writers useanalogyto link an unfamiliar or a new idea with common and familiar objects.

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64
Q

Hyperbole: Definition

A

Exaggeration

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65
Q

Hyperbe: Example

A

“My mom will kill me if I dont get this done.”

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66
Q

Hyperbole: Effect

A

Used to evoke strong feelings, to create an impression, or for comiceffect.

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67
Q

Idiom: Definition

A

A common, often used expression that doesn’t make sense if you take it literally.

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68
Q

Idiom: Example

A

“I got chewed out by my coach.”

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69
Q

Metaphor: Definition

A

Making an implied comparison, not using like or as and other such words.

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70
Q

Metaphor: Example

A

“My feet are popsicles.”

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71
Q

Metaphor: Effect

A

To make a comparison using relatively familiar concepts.

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72
Q

Metonyny: Definition

A

Replacing an actual word or idea, with a related word or concept.

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73
Q

Metonymy: Example

A

“Relations between London and Washington have been strained.”

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74
Q

Metonymy: Effect

A

Used to clarify a subject with less obscure concepts

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75
Q

Synecdoche: Definition

A

A kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its parts, or vice versa.

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76
Q

Synecdoche: Example

A

“The cattle rancher owned 500 head.” “Check out my new wheels.”

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77
Q

Synecdoche: Effects

A

Used to sound more colloquial and use everyday language

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78
Q

Simile: Definition

A

Using words such as “like” or “as” to make a direct comparison between two very different things.

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79
Q

Simile: Example

A

“My feet are so cold they feel like popsicles.”

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80
Q

Simile: Effect

A

To make a previously unlikely comparison

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81
Q

Synesthesia: Definition

A

a description involving a “crossing of the senses.”

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82
Q

Synesthesia: Example

A

“A purplish scent filled the room.” “I was deafened by his brightly-colored clothing.”

83
Q

Synesthesia: Effect

A

Used to awaken a reader’s senses to the story

84
Q

Personification: Definition

A

Giving human-like qualities to something that is not human.

85
Q

Personification: Example

A

“The tired old truck groaned as it inched up the hill.”

86
Q

Personification: Effect

A

To bring more attention to the state of an inanimate object

87
Q

Foreshadowing: Definition

A

When an author gives hints about what will occur later in a story.

88
Q

Foreshadowing: Example

A

a pipe is going to burst, but before it does, the author writes a scene where the family notices a small dark spot on the ceiling

89
Q

Foreshadowing: Effect

A

To give the reader a taste if you will of what’s to come

90
Q

Genre: Definition

A

The major category into which a literary work fits.

91
Q

Genre: Example

A

The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, genres can be subdivided as well poetry can be classified: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing.

92
Q

Genre: Effect

A

Used so the reader can easily differentiate types of literature

93
Q

Gothic: Definition

A

Writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and/or death.

94
Q

Gothic: Example

A

Anything written by Edgar Allan Poe

95
Q

Gothic: Effects

A

Used to convey both thrill and intrigue

96
Q

Imagery: Definition

A

Word or words that create a picture in the reader’s mind.

97
Q

Imagery: Examples

A

“The bright, vibrant, night sky. Like liquid satin scattered with diamonds above Italy.”

98
Q

Imagery: Effects

A

To paint a mental picture.

99
Q

Invective: Definition

A

A long, emotionally violent, attack using strong, abusive language.

100
Q

Invective: Example

A

“A vile beastly rotten-headed fool-begotten brazen-throated pernicious piggish screaming, tearing, roaring, perplexing, splitmecrackle crashmecriggle insane asinine woman is practicing howling below-stairs with a brute of a singing-master so horribly, that my head is nearly off.” - Edward Lear

101
Q

Invective: Effect

A

the insult can arouse negative emotion in the audience as well as the target of the insult

102
Q

Irony: Definition

A

When the opposite of what you expect to happen does.

103
Q

Irony: Example

A

A fire station burns down

104
Q

Irony: Effect

A

To provide a comical light to an odd situation

105
Q

Verbal Irony: Definition

A

When you say something and mean the opposite/something different.

106
Q

Verbal Irony: Example

A

Your gym teacher wants you to run a mile in eight minutes or faster, but calls it a “walk in the park”.

107
Q

Verbal Irony: Effect

A

Used to help the reader gain insight into each character’s personality

108
Q

Dramatic Irony: Definition

A

When the audience of a drama, play, movie, etc. knows something that the character doesn’t and would be surprised to find out

109
Q

Dramatic Irony: Example

A

in many horror movies, we (the audience) know who the killer is

110
Q

Dramatic Irony: Effect

A

stimulate strong emotions in a reader because the reader knows what awaits a character

111
Q

Situational Irony: Definition

A
  • Found in the plot (or story line) of a book, story, or movie.
112
Q

Situation Irony: Example

A

Johnny spent two hours planning on sneaking into the movie theater and missed the movie.

113
Q

Situational Irony: Effect

A

can make a plot twist more interesting.

114
Q

Juxtaposition: Definition

A

Placing things side by side for the purposes of comparison.

115
Q

Juxtaposition: Example

A

an author my juxtapose the average day of a typical American with that of someone in the third world in order to make a point of social commentary

116
Q

Juxtaposition: Effects

A

used for etching out a character in detail, creating suspense or lending a rhetorical effect.

117
Q

Mood: Definition

A

The atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished through word choice

118
Q

Mood: Example

A

P.L. Travers in Mary Poppins creates a cheerful mood throughout the story by using silly words, such as “supercalifragilisticexpialidocious.”

119
Q

Mood: Effect

A

Helps in creating atmosphere

120
Q

Motif: Definition

A

a recurring idea in a piece of literature

121
Q

Motif: Example

A

In To Kill a Mockingbird, the idea that “you never really understand another person until you consider things from his or her point of view.”

122
Q

Motif: Effect

A

help readers to comprehend the underlying messages that writers intend to communicate to them.

123
Q

Oxymoron: Definition

A

When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox

124
Q

Oxymoron: Example

A

“wise fool,” “eloquent silence,” “jumbo shrimp.”

125
Q

Oxymoron: Effect

A

produces a dramatic effect in both prose and poetry

126
Q

Pacing: Definition

A

The speed or tempo of an author’s writing

127
Q

Pacing: Example

A

An author’s pacing can be fast, sluggish, stabbing, vibrato, staccato, measured, etc.

128
Q

Pacing: Effect

A

Used to alter the mood or tone of the story

129
Q

Paradox: Definition

A

A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true

130
Q

Paradox: Example

A

“You can’t get a job without experience, and you can’t get experience without getting a job.”

131
Q

Paradox: Effect

A

The purpose of a paradox is to arrest attention and provoke fresh thought.

132
Q

Parallelism: Definition

A

Sentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns

133
Q

Parallelism: Example

A

“Cinderella swept the floor, dusted the mantle, and beat the rugs.”

134
Q

Parallelism: Effect

A

It is used to help organize ideas.

135
Q

Anaphora: Definition

A

Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or clauses in a row

136
Q

Anaphora: Example

A

“I came, I saw, I conquered.”

137
Q

Anaphora: Effect

A

It works by allowing your reader or listener to participate in the process.

138
Q

Chiasmus: Definition

A

When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of the words is reversed

139
Q

Chiasmus: Example

A

“Fair is foul and foul is fair.”

140
Q

Chiasmus: Effect

A

to make a significant point or quote

141
Q

Antithesis: Definition

A

Two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel structure

142
Q

Antithesis: Example

A

“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times”

143
Q

Antithesis: Effect

A

emphasizes the idea of contrast

144
Q

Zeugma (Syllepsis): Definition

A

When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words it governs or modifies.

145
Q

Zeugma (Syllepsis): Example

A

‘The butler killed the lights, and then the mistress.”

146
Q

Zeugma (Syllepsis): Effect

A

It’s a clever play on words that surprises and thus catches our attention.

147
Q

Parenthetical Idea: Definition

A

Parentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of the sentence

148
Q

Parenthetical Idea: Example

A

“In a short time (and the time is getting shorter by the gallon) America will be out of oil.”

149
Q

Parenthetical Idea: Effect

A

Used to help make something clearer or give extra information.

150
Q

Parody: Definition

A

An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes.

151
Q

Parody: Example

A

Saturday Night Live also parodies famous persons and events

152
Q

Parody: Effect

A

Used to achieve a comedic effect whilst imitating another works

153
Q

Persona: Definition

A

The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story.

154
Q

Persona: Example

A

Beyoncé performs as her alternate personal Sasha Fierce

155
Q

Persona: Effect

A

Used for a character to portray a different version to portray a different story line

156
Q

Poetic Device: Definition

A

A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences or lines.

157
Q

Poetic Device: Example

A

Alliteration, Assonance, Consonance, Onomatopoeia, and Internal Rhyme are some examples of Poetic Devices

158
Q

Poetic Device: Effect

A

enhances imagery ofpoetry and develops an image (positive or negative) by creating a sound word

159
Q

Alliteration: Definition

A

The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words.

160
Q

Alliteration: Example

A

“Sally sells sea shells by the sea shore”

161
Q

Alliteration: Effect

A

To give a sense of repetition and coherence

162
Q

Assonance: Definition

A

The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds.

163
Q

Assonance: Example

A

“From the molten-golden notes”

164
Q

Assonance: Effect

A

used in the poetry to grab the reader’s attention and make something intriguing thing that can be remembered for a long

165
Q

Consonance: Definition

A

The repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of words or within words.

166
Q

Consonance: Example

A

“Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door”

167
Q

Consonance: Effect

A

the use of the device makes the structure of poetry or prose appealing for the reader.

168
Q

Onomatopoeia: Definition

A

The use of a word which imitates or suggests the sound that the thing makes.

169
Q

Onomatopoeia: Example

A

Snap, rustle, boom, murmur

170
Q

Onomatopoeia: Effect

A

To add “sound” to the story by activating the readers internal sense of hearing

171
Q

Internal Rhyme: Definition

A

When a line of poetry contains a rhyme within a single line.

172
Q

Internal Rhyme: Example

A

“To the rhyming and the chiming of the bells!”

173
Q

Internal Rhyme: Effect

A

it adds to the meanings of words, and enhances musical theeffectof apoem

174
Q

Slant Rhyme: Definition

A

When a poet creates a rhyme, but the two words do not rhyme exactly

175
Q

Slant Rhyme: Example

A

“I sat upon a stone, / And found my life has gone.”

176
Q

Slant Rhyme: Effect

A

When there may not be a direct rhyme it is use as to not lose the flow of the poem or writing

177
Q

End Rhyme: Definition

A

When the last word of two different lines of poetry rhyme.

178
Q

End Rhyme: Example

A

“Roses are red, violets are blue, / Sugar is sweet, and so are you.”

179
Q

End Rhyme: Effect

A

used throughout thepoemto create arhymingpattern orrhymescheme, then thepoemhas a musical quality to it because it flows in a rhythmic way.

180
Q

Rhyme Scheme: Definition

A

The pattern of a poem’s end rhymes.

181
Q

Rhyme Schme: Example

A

the following lines have a rhyme scheme of a b a b c d c d:

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? a Thou art more lovely and more temperate. b Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May. a And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. b Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines c And often is his gold complexion dimmed d And every fair from fair sometime declines c By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed d

182
Q

Rhyme Scheme: Effect

A

It gives rhythm and a pace to the poem

183
Q

Stressed and unstressed syllables: Definition

A

In every word of more than one syllable, one of the syllables is stressed, or said with more force than the other syllable(s).

184
Q

Stressed and unstressed syllables: Example

A

In the name “Nathan,” the first syllable is stressed. In the word “unhappiness,” the second of the four syllables is stressed.

185
Q

Stressed and unstressed syllables: Effect

A

.

186
Q

Meter: Definition

A

A regular pattern to the syllables in lines

187
Q

Meter: Example

A

Iamb meter has the first syllable unaccented and the second accented. Here are examples:

That time l of year l thou mayst l in me l behold

188
Q

Meter: Effect

A

helps readers understand rhythm as it relates to words and lines in a poem

189
Q

Free Verse: Definition

A

Poetry that doesn’t have much meter or rhyme.

190
Q

Free Verse: Example

A

“A noiseless patient spider,
I mark’d where on a little promontory it stood isolated,
Mark’d how to explore the vacant vast surrounding,
It launch’d forth filament, filament, filament, out of itself….”

191
Q

Free Verse: Effect

A

the primary effect of free verse poetry is that of narration. In other words, these kinds of poems often sound as much like storytelling of various kinds as they do poetry.

192
Q

Iambic Pentameter: Definition

A

Poetry that is written in lines of 10 syllables, alternating stressed and unstressed syllables.

193
Q

Iambic Pentameter: Example

A

“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”

194
Q

Iambic Pentameter: Effect

A

a way to add rhythm to the poem in one specific way

195
Q

Sonnet: Definition

A

A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter. Usually divided into three quatrains and a couplet.

196
Q

Sonnet: Example

A

“Death be not proud.” —John Donner

197
Q

Sonnet: Effect

A

The Petrarchan sonnet characteristically treats its theme in two parts.

198
Q

Polysyndeton: Definition

A

When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions.

199
Q

Polysyndeton: Example

A

“I walked the dog, and fed the cat, and milked the cows.”

200
Q

Polysyndeton: Effect

A

Polysyndeton is often used to slow down the pace of the writing and/or add an authoritative tone.

201
Q

Pun: Definition

A

When a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way

202
Q

Pun: Example

A

“My dog has a fur coat and pants!”

203
Q

Pun: Effect

A

puns add profound meanings to texts, and shape the way in which the text is interpreted by the readers

AP Language (1 decks)

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