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AP Language > Literary and Rhetorical Devices > Flashcards

Literary and Rhetorical Devices Flashcards

1
Q

Active Voice

A

Definition: The subject of the sentence performs the action.

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2
Q

Passive Voice

A

Definition: When the subject of the sentence receives the action

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3
Q

Allusion

A

Definition: An indirect reference to something usually a literary text, with which the reader is supposed to be familiar

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4
Q

Alter- Ego

A

Definition: A character that is used by the author to speak the author’s own thoughts; when an author speaks directly to the audience through a character

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5
Q

Anecdote

A

Definition: a brief recounting of a relevant episode

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6
Q

Antecedent

A

Definition: The word, phrase or clause referred to be a pronoun

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7
Q

Active Voice

A

Effect on Text: This is a more direct and preferred style of writing in most cases.

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8
Q

Active Voice

A

Example: “Anthony drove while Toni searched for the house.”

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9
Q

Passive Voice

A

Effect on Text: It is overused and results in lifeless writing.

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10
Q

Passive Voice

A

Example: “The car was driven by Anthony.”

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11
Q

Allusion

A

Effect on Text: Gives more interpretation and grasp the importance

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12
Q

Allusion

A

Example: “You’re acting like a Scrooge!”- From Dickens a Christmas carol

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13
Q

Alter- ego

A

Effect on Text: Author’s is able to say his point of view and intention through a character.

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14
Q

Alter- Ego

A

Example: The tempest, Shakespeare talks to the audience about his own upcoming retirement, through the main character of the play, Prospero

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15
Q

Anecdote

A

Effect on Text: Helps develop a point or injecting humor

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16
Q

Anecdote

A

Example: Someone giving a speech and decides to put an example of the situation really happening to someone

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17
Q

Antecedent

A

Effect on Text: Gives expression

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18
Q

Antecedent

A

Example: “If I could command the wealth of all the world by lifting my finger, I would not pay such a price for it.”

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19
Q

Classicism

A

Definition: Art of literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world, sticks to traditional themes and structures

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20
Q

Classicism

A

Effect on Text: Gives historical information and attitude

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21
Q

Classicism

A

Example: Shakespeare

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22
Q

Comic Relief

A

Definition: When a humorous scene is inserted into a serous story

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23
Q

Comic Relief

A

Effect on Text: Lightens the moods somewhat

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24
Q

Comic Relief

A

Example: The “gatekeeper scene” in Macbeth

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25
Q

Diction

A

Definition: Word choice, particularly as an element of style

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26
Q

Diction

A

Effect on Text: Words have significant effects on meaning and should be able to describe the author’s diction whether formal, informal, orante, or plan.

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27
Q

Diction

A

Example: “Hey, what’s happen?’

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28
Q

Colloquial

A

Definition: Ordinary or familiar type of conversation

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29
Q

Colloquial

A

Effect on Text: Distincts and conveys informal language

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30
Q

Colloquial

A

Example: “ain’t”

“gonna”

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31
Q

Connotation

A

Definition: Rather than the dictionary definition, the association suggested by a word. Implied meaning rather than literal meaning.

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32
Q

Connotation:

A

Effect on Text: Give a positive, negative, or neutral effect on the story.

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33
Q

Connotation

A

Example: “policeman”

and “cop”

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34
Q

Denotation:

A

Definition: The literal, explicit meaning of a word

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35
Q

Denotation:

A

Effect on Text: Gives literal meaning.

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36
Q

Denotation:

A

Example: The fruit is blue.

It isn’t sad it really is blue.

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37
Q

Jargon

A

Definition: The diction used by a group which practices a similar profession or activity

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38
Q

Jargon

A

Effect on a Text: Conveys hidden meaning and accepted and understood in that field

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39
Q

Jargon

A

Example: Lawyers

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40
Q

Vernacular

A

Definition: Language or dialect in a particular country or regional caln/ group it’s plain everyday speech

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41
Q

Vernacular

A

Effect on Text: Increase literacy rate and make the text easy to understand.

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42
Q

Vernacular:

A

Example: medical terms used by doctors

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43
Q

Didactic

A

Definition: A term used to describe fiction, nonfiction or poetry that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking

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44
Q

Didactic

A

Effect on a Text: Teaches about something and instruct you.

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45
Q

Didactic

A

Example: Children’s literature

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46
Q

Adage

A

Definition: A folk saying with a lesson

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47
Q

Adage

A

Effect on a Text: Old sayings can teach you something

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48
Q

Adage

A

Example: “A rolling stone gathers no moss.”

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49
Q

Allegory

A

Definition: A story, fictional or non fictional, in which characters, things, and events represent qualities or concepts

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50
Q

Allegory

A

Effect on a Text: Reveal and abstract or a truth

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51
Q

Allegory

A

Example: Animal Farm, by George Orwell

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52
Q

Aphorism:

A

Definition: A terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle

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53
Q

Aphorism:

A

Effect on a Text: Can be memorable summation of the author’s point

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54
Q

Aphorism:

A

Example: “God helps them that help themselves.”

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55
Q

Ellipsis

A

Definition: The deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author

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56
Q

Ellipsis

A

Effect on a Text: Shows omitted text in a quotation

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57
Q

Ellipsis

A

Example: “The whole day, rain, torrents of rain.”

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58
Q

Euphemism

A

Definition: A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts

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59
Q

Euphemism

A

Effect on a Text: Political correctness and can exaggerate correctness to add humor

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60
Q

Euphemism

A

Example: “Physically changed” instead of “crippled”

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61
Q

Figurative Language

A

Definition: Writing that is not meant to be taken literally

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62
Q

Figurative Language

A

Effect on a Text: Can provide the reader with a more complete picture of the scene.

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63
Q

Figurative Language

A

Example: “She is as big as a house.”

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64
Q

Analogy

A

Definition: A comparison of one pair of variables to parallel set of variables

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65
Q

Analogy

A

Effect on a Text: Understand the argument that the relationship between the first pair of variables is the same as the relationship between the second pair of variables

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66
Q

Analogy

A

Example: “America is to the world as the hippo is to the jungle.”

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67
Q

Hyperbole

A

Definition: Exaggeration

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68
Q

Hyperbole

A

Effect on a Text: Add amusing text and dramatize it

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69
Q

Hyperbole

A

Example: “My mother will kill me if I am late.”

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70
Q

Idiom

A

Definition: A common, often used expression that doesn’t make sense if you take it literally

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71
Q

Idiom

A

Effect on a Text: amplify messages that draw readers

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72
Q

Idiom

A

Example: “I got chewed out by my couch.”

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73
Q

Metaphor

A

Definition: Making an implied comparison, not using “like,” “as” or other such words

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74
Q

Metaphor

A

Effect on a Text:Able to convey powerful qualities using a few words

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75
Q

Metaphor

A

Example: “John’s suggestion had a Band-Aid for the problem.

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76
Q

Metonymy

A

Definition: Replacing an actual word or idea, with a related word or concept

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77
Q

Metonymy

A

Effect on a Text: Creates concrete and vivid images in place of generalities

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78
Q

Metonymy

A

Example: “I could not understand his tongue.”

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79
Q

Synecdoche

A

Definition: A kind of menyomy when a whole is represented by naming one of its parts, or vice versa

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80
Q

Synecdoche

A

Effect on a Text: Helps achieve purpose and use everyday language

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81
Q

Synecdoche

A

Example: “Check out my wheels.”

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82
Q

Simile

A

Definition:Using words such as “like” or “as” to make a direct comparison between two very different things

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83
Q

Simile

A

Effect on a Text: Just a comparison and helps things more understandable and relatable

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84
Q

Simile

A

Example: “My feet are so cold they feel like popsicles.”

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85
Q

Synesthesia

A

Definition: A description involving a “crossing of the senses”

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86
Q

Synesthesia

A

Effect on a Text:Shows association between letters and colors

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87
Q

Synesthesia

A

Example:” A purplish scent filled the room.”

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88
Q

Personification

A

Definition: Giving human- like qualities to something that is not human

89
Q

Personification

A

Effect on a Text:Connects the reader with object being personified and came up with readers understand and feel the emotion

90
Q

Personification

A

Example: “The tired old truck groaned as it inched up the hill.”

91
Q

Foreshadowing

A

Definition: When an author gives hints about what will occur later in the story

92
Q

Foreshadowing

A

Effect on a Text: Adds dramatic tension and build anticipation

93
Q

Foreshadowing

A

Example: A pipe is going to burst, but before it does, the author writes a scene where the family notices a small dark spot on the ceiling, but ignores it.

94
Q

Genre

A

Definition: The major category into which a literary work fits

95
Q

Genre

A

Effect on a Text: Helps establish working relationship with readers

96
Q

Genre

A

Example: drama, poetry

97
Q

Gothic

A

Definition: Writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and/or death

98
Q

Gothic

A

Effect on a Text: Makes it gloomy and dark

99
Q

Gothic

A

Example: Frankenstein by Mary Shelley

100
Q

Imagery

A

Definition: Word or words that create a picture in the reader’s mind

101
Q

Imagery

A

Effect on a Text: Can something abstract and seem more concrete and tangible

102
Q

Imagery

A

Example:The concert was so loud that her ears rang for days afterward.(Sound)

103
Q

Invective

A

Definition: A long, emotionally violent, attack using strong abusive language

104
Q

Invective

A

Effect on a Text: reiterate the significance of the deeply felt emotions of the writer.

105
Q

invective

A

Example:”You dirty rotten scoundrel.”

106
Q

Irony

A

Definition: When the opposite of what you expect to happen does

107
Q

Irony

A

Effect on a Text: Can keep the story moving and deepening the meaning.

108
Q

Irony

A

Example: In response to a bad idea someone would say “Yes, that is a good idea.”

109
Q

Verbal Irony

A

Definition: When you say something and mean the opposite/ something different.

110
Q

Verbal Irony

A

Effect on a Text:Use this when speaking directly to the reader in order to emphasize a point

111
Q

Verbal Irony

A

Example: If your gym teacher wants you to run a mile in eight minutes or faster, but calls it a “walk in the park.”

112
Q

Dramatic Irony

A

Definition: When the audience of a drama, play, move,etc knows something that the character doesn’t and would be surprised to find out

113
Q

Dramatic Irony

A

Effect on a Text: Increase intense suspense and Humor

114
Q

Dramatic Irony

A

Example: In many horror movies, the audience knows who the killer is and the victim has no idea who the killer is.

115
Q

Situational Irony

A

Definition: Found in the plot of a book, story, or movie,etc.

116
Q

Situational Irony

A

Effect on a Text: Creates more relatable situations

117
Q

Situational Irony

A

Example: Johnny spent two hours planning on sneaking into the movie theater and missed the movie. We he finally did manage to sneak inside he found out that kids were admitted free that day.

118
Q

Juxtaposition

A

Definition: Placing things side by side for purposes of comparison

119
Q

Juxtaposition

A

Effect on a Text: Helps make point.

120
Q

Juxtaposition

A

Example: An author may juxtapose the average day of a typical American with that of someone in the third world in order to make a point of social commentary.

121
Q

Mood

A

Definition: The atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished through the word choice

122
Q

Mood

A

Effect on a Text: Sets the mood, tone, and events.

123
Q

Mood

A

Example: A cheerful mood

124
Q

Motif

A

Definition: A recurring idea in a piece of literature

125
Q

Motif

A

Effect on a Text: Gives clues to themes and reinforces ideas

126
Q

Motif

A

Example: In to Kill a Mockingbird, the idea that you never really understand another person until you consider things from his or her point of view

127
Q

Oxymoron

A

Definition: When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox

128
Q

Oxymoron

A

Effect on a Text: Makes a dramatic feeling

129
Q

Oxymoron

A

Example: “Jumbo Shrimp” or “Eloquent Silence”

130
Q

Pacing

A

Definition: The speed or tempo of author’s writing

131
Q

Pacing

A

Effect on a Text: Keeps reader interested

132
Q

Pacing

A

Example: Fast, Sluggish, Stabbing, Vibrato, Staccato, and measured

133
Q

Paradox

A

Definition: A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true

134
Q

Paradox

A

Effect on a Text: To get attention and provoke fresh thoughts.

135
Q

Paradox

A

Example: “ You can get a job without experience, and you can’t get experience without getting a job.

136
Q

Parallelism

A

Definition: Sentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns

137
Q

Parallelism

A

Effect on a Text: Adds emphasis, organization, or sometimes pacing to write

138
Q

Parallelism

A

Example: “Cinderella swept the floor, dusted the mantle, and beat the rugs

139
Q

Anaphora

A

Definition: Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or clauses in a row

140
Q

Anaphora

A

Effect on a Text: Deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer’s point more coherent

141
Q

Anaphora

A

Example: “ I came, I saw, I conquered. “

142
Q

Chiasmus

A

Definition: the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of the words reversed

143
Q

Chiasmus

A

Effect on a Text: Makes a significant point or quote to balance sentences.

144
Q

Chiasmus

A

Example: “Fair is foul and foul is fair.”

145
Q

Antithesis

A

Definition: Two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel structures

146
Q

Antithesis

A

Effect on a Text: Strengthens an argument and make a sentence more memorable.

147
Q

Antithesis

A

Example: “ It was the best of times, it was the worst times.”

148
Q

Zuegma (Syllepsis)

A

Definition: When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word must change fr each of the other words it governs or modifies

149
Q

Zuegma (Syllepsis)

A

Effect on a Text: Can confuse the reader or inspire to think deeply.

150
Q

Zuegma (Syllepsis)

A

Example: “ I quickly dressed myself and the salad.”

151
Q

Parenthetical Idea

A

Definition: Parentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of sentence

152
Q

Parenthetical Idea

A

Effect on a Text: Used for sparingly for effect sets off dates and numbers

153
Q

Parenthetical Idea

A

Example: “In a short time (and the time is getting shorter by the gallon) America will be out of oil.”

154
Q

Parody

A

Definition: An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes

155
Q

Parody

A

Effect on a Text: Brings exaggeration and humor

156
Q

Parody

A

Example: Saturday Night Live also parodies famous persons and events

157
Q

Persona

A

Definition: The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story

158
Q

Persona

A

Effect on a Text: The author’s voice is heard

159
Q

Persona

A

Example: A business wants others to know she is professional.

160
Q

Poetic Device

A

Definition: A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences or lines

161
Q

Poetic Device

A

Effect on a Text: Gain reader’s attention

162
Q

Poetic Device

A

Example: Alliteration, Assonance

163
Q

Alliteration

A

Definition: The repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words.

164
Q

Alliteration

A

Effect on a Text: Creates rhythm and mood and can have a connotation

165
Q

Alliteration

A

Example: “ Sally sells sea shells by the sea shore.”

166
Q

Assonance

A

Definition: The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds

167
Q

Assonance

A

Effect on a Text: Grab reader’s attention and make something intriguing.

168
Q

Assonance

A

Example: “From the molten- golden notes.”

169
Q

Consonance

A

Definition: The repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of words or within words

170
Q

Consonance

A

Effect on a Text: Emphasize sounds or words and add rhythm

171
Q

Consonance

A

Example: “Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door.”

172
Q

Onomatopoeia

A

Definition: The use of a word which imitates or suggests the sound that the thing makes.

173
Q

Onomatopoeia

A

Effect on a Text:

174
Q

Onomatopoeia

A

Example: Snap, rustle, boom, murmur

175
Q

Internal rhyme

A

Definition: Allows reader to hear and understand and also bring humor

176
Q

Internal rhyme

A

Effect on a Text: Makes a story unified

177
Q

Internal rhyme

A

Example: “To the rhyming and the chiming of the bells!”

178
Q

Slant Rhyme

A

Definition: When a poet creates a rhyme, but the two words do not rhyme exactly they are merely similar

179
Q

Slant Rhyme

A

Effect on a Text: Create a certain rhythm without using direct rhyme

180
Q

Slant Rhyme

A

Example: “I sat upon a stone, / And found my life has gone.”

181
Q

End Rhyme

A

Definition: When the last word of two different lines of poetry rhyme

182
Q

End Rhyme

A

Effect on a Text: Pleasant to ear and gives the poem rhythm.

183
Q

End Rhyme

A

Example: “Roses are red, violets are blue, / Sugar is sweet, and so are you.”

184
Q

Rhyme Scheme

A

Definition: The pattern of a poem’s end rhymes.

185
Q

Rhyme Scheme

A

Effect on a Text: Helps establish format

186
Q

Rhyme Scheme

A

Example: Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? a
Thou art more lovely and more temperate. b
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May. a
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. b
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines c
And often is his gold complexion dimmed d
And every fair from fair sometime declines c
By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed d

187
Q

Stressed and Unstressed Syllables

A

Definition:In every word of more than one syllable, one of the syllables is stressed, or said with more force
than the other syllable(s).

188
Q

Stressed and Unstressed Syllables

A

Effect on a Text: Reinforces

189
Q

Stressed and Unstressed Syllables

A

Example: In the name “Nathan,” the first syllable is stressed. In the word
“unhappiness,” the second of the four syllables is stressed.

190
Q

Meter

A

Definition: A regular pattern to the syllables in lines of poetry.

191
Q

Meter

A

Effect on a Text: Gives poetry a rhythmical and melodically sound

192
Q

Meter

A

Example:Cry, cry! Troy burns, or else let Helen go.

193
Q

Free Verse

A

Definition: Poetry that doesn’t have much meter or rhyme

194
Q

Free Verse

A

Effect on a Text: More like a story, not a remembered

195
Q

Free Verse

A

Example: Yummy, Green balls of nutrition, I love them. Drizzling in butter, I want more.

196
Q

Iambic Pentameter

A

Definition: Poetry that is written in lines of 10 syllables, alternating stressed and unstressed syllables

197
Q

Iambic Pentameter

A

Effect on a Text: Used to makes things interesting and monotonous

198
Q

Iambic Pentameter

A

Example: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”

199
Q

Sonnet

A

Example: Romeo and Juliet

200
Q

Polysyndeton

A

Definition:When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions

201
Q

Polysyndeton

A

Effect on a Text: To make the rhythm faster or slower

202
Q

Polysyndeton

A

Example: “I walked the dog, and fed the cat, and milked the cows.”

203
Q

Pun

A

Definition: When a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way

204
Q

Pun

A

Effect on a Text: To let readers understand clearly

205
Q

Pun

A

Example: “My dog has a fur coat and pants!”

206
Q

Rhetoric

A

Definition: The are of effective communication

207
Q

Rhetoric

A

Effect on a Text: Affects the text for a specific audience, in a specific place, and during a specific time

208
Q

Rhetoric

A

Example: Political speech

209
Q

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle

A

Definition: The relationships, in any piece of writing,
between the writer, the audience, and the
subject

210
Q

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle

A

Effect on a Text: Persuasion

211
Q

Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle

A

Example: ethos, pathos

212
Q

Rhetorical Question

A

Definition: Question not asked for information but for effect

213
Q

Rhetorical Question

A

Effect on a Text: Draw attention

214
Q

Rhetorical Question

A

Example: “The angry parents asked the child, Are you finished interrupting me?”

215
Q

Romanticism

A

Definition: Art or literature characterized by an idealistic, perhaps unrealistic view of people and the
world, and an emphasis on nature

216
Q

Romanticism

A

Example: Lyrical Ballads

217
Q

Sarcasm

A

Definition: A generally bitter comment that is ironically or satirically worded. However, not all satire and
irony are sarcastic

218
Q

Sarcasm

A

Effect on a Text: It is bitter and verbal irony and satire.

219
Q

Sarcasm

A

Example: “ I don’t know, am I brother.”

AP Language (1 decks)

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